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Aristotle and Descartes on Perceiving that We See
Masashi Nakahata 한국서양고전학회 2014 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.53 No.3
The phenomenon described as “our perceiving that we see” or “perception of one’s own perception” (POP) has attracted the attention of many philosophers. In this article, I examine Aristotle’s and Descartes’ treatment of this phenomenon in order to clarify the distinctive features of the respective philosophers’ thought. In his Principia I, 9, Descartes points out that sense-perception is an ambiguous term; for example, ‘seeing’ (or ‘I am seeing’) can be taken as referring either to a ‘bodily activity’ or to ‘the sense-perception of seeing’. The latter, POP, is sense-perception in its proper (praecise) sense for Descartes and what he calls conscientia (consciousness). By restricting the sense-perception within one’s subjective experience, Descartes separates POP from the external object that one perceives. Though Aristotle explores POP in several passages (De anima III, 2, Ethica Nicomachea IX, 9 etc.), I pay special attention to De somno 2, 455a3-455a26, where Aristotle assumes that trans-modal discrimination by a common perceptual power (such as discrimination of sweet from white) implies this sort of second order perception. We can explain this implication as follows: when we discriminate, for example, sweet from white, we also discriminate the respective modes of perception, namely, (our) tasting in the perception of sweet on the one hand and (our) seeing in the perception of white on the other. This means that Aristotle understands POP as an integral part of the first order perception of an object. The second order recognition of one’s activity is involved intrinsically in the perception of the external world. This is why POP is a kind of sense-perception par excellence for Aristotle. Descartes elucidates the same sort of phenomena in an opposite way from Aristotle. He separated Aristotelian unity off between external objects and our inner activity. The Cartesian concept of consciousness is a historical product of this separation.
Search for proton decay viap→νK+using260 kiloton·yeardata of Super-Kamiokande
Abe, K.,Hayato, Y.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakayama, S.,Wendell, R. A.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takenaga, Y.,Ueno, K.,Yokozawa, T.,Kaji, H.,Kajita American Physical Society 2014 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.90 No.7
Abe, K.,Hieda, K.,Hiraide, K.,Hirano, S.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Moriyama, S.,Nakagawa, K.,Nakahata, M.,Ogawa, H.,Oka, N.,Sekiya, H.,Shinozaki, A.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Takachio, O.,Ueshima, K.,Um North-Holland Pub. Co 2013 Physics letters: B Vol.719 No.1
A search for light dark matter using low-threshold data from the single phase liquid xenon scintillation detector XMASS, has been conducted. Using the entire 835 kg inner volume as target, the analysis threshold can be lowered to 0.3 keVee (electron-equivalent) to search for light dark matter. With low-threshold data corresponding to a 5591.4 kg@?day exposure of the detector and without discriminating between nuclear-recoil and electronic events, XMASS excludes part of the parameter space favored by other experiments.
Limits on sterile neutrino mixing using atmospheric neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande
Abe, K.,Haga, Y.,Hayato, Y.,Ikeda, M.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Kishimoto, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakano, Y.,Nakayama, S.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Tanaka, H.,Tomura, T. American Physical Society 2015 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.91 No.5
Direct dark matter search by annual modulation with 2.7 years of XMASS-I data
Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Kobayashi, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Norita, T.,Ogawa, H.,Sato, K.,Sekiya, H.,Takachio, O.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Yamashita, M.,Yang, B. American Physical Society 2018 Physical Review D Vol.97 No.10
<P>An annual modulation signal due to the Earth orbiting around the Sun would be one of the strongest indications of the direct detection of dark matter. In 2016, we reported a search for dark matter by looking for this annual modulation with our single-phase liquid xenon XMASS-I detector. That analysis resulted in a slightly negative modulation amplitude at low energy. In this work, we included more than one year of additional data, which more than doubles the exposure to 800 live days with the same 832 kg target mass. When we assume weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on the xenon target, the exclusion upper limit for the WIMP-nucleon cross section was improved by a factor of 2 to 1.9 x 10(-41) cm(2) at 8 GeV/c(2) at 90% confidence level with our newly implemented data selection through a likelihood method. For the model-independent case, without assuming any specific dark matter model, we obtained more consistency with the null hypothesis than before with a p-value of 0.11 in the 1-20 keV energy region. This search probed this region with an exposure that was larger than that of DAMA/LIBRA. We also did not find any significant amplitude in the data for periodicity with periods between 50 and 600 days in the energy region between 1 to 6 keV.</P>
Abe, K.,Hiraide, K.,Ichimura, K.,Kishimoto, Y.,Kobayashi, K.,Kobayashi, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Norita, T.,Ogawa, H.,Sato, K.,Sekiya, H.,Takachio, O.,Takeda, A.,Tasaka, S.,Yamashita, M.,Yang, B.S Elsevier 2018 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.884 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We established a method to assay <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations in the bulk of copper samples using a low-background alpha particle counter. The achieved sensitivity for the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations reaches a few mBq/kg. Due to this high sensitivity, the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po contaminations in oxygen free copper bulk were identified and measured for the first time. The <SUP>210</SUP>Pb contaminations of our oxygen free copper samples were 17–40 mBq/kg. Based on our investigation of copper samples in each production step, the <SUP>210</SUP>Pb in oxygen free copper was understood to be a small residual of an electrolysis process. This method to measure bulk contaminations of <SUP>210</SUP>Pb and <SUP>210</SUP>Po could be applied to other materials.</P>
Test of Lorentz invariance with atmospheric neutrinos
Abe, K.,Haga, Y.,Hayato, Y.,Ikeda, M.,Iyogi, K.,Kameda, J.,Kishimoto, Y.,Miura, M.,Moriyama, S.,Nakahata, M.,Nakano, Y.,Nakayama, S.,Sekiya, H.,Shiozawa, M.,Suzuki, Y.,Takeda, A.,Tanaka, H.,Tomura, T. American Physical Society 2015 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.91 No.5