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        Arsenic removal by Japanese oak wood biochar in aqueous solutions and well water: Investigating arsenic fate using integrated spectroscopic and microscopic techniques

        Niazi, Nabeel Khan,Bibi, Irshad,Shahid, Muhammad,Ok, Yong Sik,Shaheen, Sabry M.,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Wang, Hailong,Murtaza, Behzad,Islam, Ejazul,Farrakh Nawaz, M.,,ttge, Andreas Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.621 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we examined the sorption of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) to Japanese oak wood-derived biochar (OW-BC) in aqueous solutions, and determined its efficiency to remove As from As-contaminated well water. Results revealed that, among the four sorption isotherm models, Langmuir model showed the best fit to describe As(III) and As(V) sorption on OW-BC, with slightly greater sorption affinity for As(V) compared to As(III) (<I>Q<SUB>L</SUB> </I> =3.89 and 3.16mgg<SUP>−1</SUP>; R<SUP>2</SUP> =0.91 and 0.85, respectively). Sorption edge experiments indicated that the maximum As removal was 81% and 84% for As(III)- and As(V)-OW-BC systems at pH7 and 6, respectively, which decreased above these pH values (76–69% and 80–58%). Surface functional groups, notably OH, COOH, CO, CH<SUB>3</SUB>, were involved in As sequestration by OW-BC, suggesting the surface complexation/precipitation and/or electrostatic interaction of As on OW-BC surface. Arsenic K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy indicated that 36% of the added As(III) was partially oxidized to As(V) in the As(III) sorption experiment, and in As(V) sorption experiment, 48% of As(V) was, albeit incompletely, reduced to As(III) on OW-BC surface. Application of OW-BC to As-contaminated well water (As: 27–144μgL<SUP>−1</SUP>; <I>n</I> =10) displayed that 92 to 100% of As was depleted despite in the presence of co-occurring competing anions (e.g., SO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>2−</SUP>, CO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>2−</SUP>, PO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>3−</SUP>). This study shows that OW-BC has a great potential to remove As from solution and drinking (well) water. Overall, the combination of macroscopic sorption data and integrated spectroscopic and microscopic techniques highlight that the fate of As on biochar involves complex redox transformation and association with surface functional moieties in aquatic systems, thereby providing crucial information required for implication of biochar in environmental remediation programs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Arsenic removal efficiency of Japanese oak wood biochar (OW-BC) was explored. </LI> <LI> Langmuir model provided the best fit, with a greater <I>Q<SUB>L</SUB> </I> for arsenate than arsenite. </LI> <LI> XANES spectroscopy indicated redox transformation of arsenite⇔arsenate on OW-BC. </LI> <LI> FTIR spectra revealed arsenite/arsenate association with functional groups on OW-BC. </LI> <LI> OW-BC efficiently removed As (92 to 100%) from drinking well water. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

      • Arsenic removal by perilla leaf biochar in aqueous solutions and groundwater: An integrated spectroscopic and microscopic examination

        Niazi, Nabeel Khan,Bibi, Irshad,Shahid, Muhammad,Ok, Yong Sik,Burton, Edward D.,Wang, Hailong,Shaheen, Sabry M.,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,,ttge, Andreas Elsevier 2018 Environmental pollution Vol.232 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we examined the removal of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) by perilla leaf-derived biochars produced at 300 and 700 °C (referred as BC300 and BC700) in aqueous environments. Results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit for As(III) and As(V) sorption, with the sorption affinity following the order: BC700-As(III) > BC700-As(V) > BC300-As(III) > BC300-As(V) (<I>Q</I> <SUB> <I>L</I> </SUB> = 3.85–11.01 mg g<SUP>−1</SUP>). In general, As removal decreased (76–60%) with increasing pH from 7 to 10 except for the BC700-As(III) system, where notably higher As removal (88–90%) occurred at pH from 7 to 9. Surface functional moieties contributed to As sequestration by the biochars examined here. However, significantly higher surface area and aromaticity of BC700 favored a greater As removal compared to BC300, suggesting that surface complexation/precipitation dominated As removal by BC700. Arsenic K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy demonstrated that up to 64% of the added As(V) was reduced to As(III) in BC700- and BC300-As(V) sorption experiments, and in As(III) sorption experiments, partial oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred (37–39%). However, XANES spectroscopy was limited to precisely quantify As binding with sulfur species as As<SUB>2</SUB>S<SUB>3</SUB>-like phase. Both biochars efficiently removed As from natural As-contaminated groundwater (As: 23–190 μg L<SUP>−1</SUP>; <I>n</I> = 12) despite in the presence of co-occurring anions (e.g., CO<SUB>3</SUB> <SUP>2−</SUP>, PO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>3−</SUP>, SO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>2−</SUP>) with the highest levels of As removal observed for BC700 (97–100%). Overall, this study highlights that perilla leaf biochars, notably BC700, possessed the greatest ability to remove As from solution and groundwater (drinking water). Significantly, the integrated spectroscopic techniques advanced our understanding to examine complex redox transformation of As(III)/As(V) with biochar, which are crucial to determine fate of As on biochar in aquatic environments.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> BC700 (high temperature) perilla leaf biochar removed more arsenite at pH 7–9 than BC300 (low temperature). </LI> <LI> Langmuir model efficiently delineated sorption affinity for arsenite and arsenate, notably by BC700. </LI> <LI> FTIR spectroscopy and elemental maps indicated arsenic association with surface functional groups. </LI> <LI> XANES spectroscopy revealed redox transformation/fate of arsenite and arsenate on biochars. </LI> <LI> Both biochars depleted arsenic in groundwater, with slightly higher removal by BC700. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

      • Remediation of arsenic-contaminated water using agricultural wastes as biosorbents

        Shakoor, Muhammad Bilal,Niazi, Nabeel Khan,Bibi, Irshad,Murtaza, Ghulam,Kunhikrishnan, Anitha,Seshadri, Balaji,Shahid, Muhammad,Ali, Shafaqat,Bolan, Nanthi S.,Ok, Yong Sik,Abid, Muhammad,Ali, Fawad Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2016 Critical reviews in environmental science and tech Vol.46 No.5

        <P>Arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater reservoirs is a global environmental and health issue given to its toxic and carcinogenic nature. Over 170 million people have been affected by As due to the ingestion of As-contaminated groundwater. Conventional methods such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and electrodialysis are commonly used for the remediation of As-contaminated water; however, the high cost and sludge production put limitations on their application to remove As from water. This review critically addresses the use of various agricultural waste materials (e.g., sugarcane bagasse, peels of various fruits, wheat straw) as biosorbents, thereby offering an eco-friendly and low-cost solution for the removal of As from contaminated water supplies. The effect of solution chemistry such as solution pH, cations, anions, organic ligands, and various other factors (e.g., temperature, contact time, sorbent dose) on As biosorption, and safe disposal methods for As-loaded biosorbents to reduce secondary As contamination are also discussed.</P>

      • Arsenic removal by natural and chemically modified water melon rind in aqueous solutions and groundwater

        Shakoor, Muhammad Bilal,Niazi, Nabeel Khan,Bibi, Irshad,Shahid, Muhammad,Sharif, Fakhra,Bashir, Safdar,Shaheen, Sabry M.,Wang, Hailong,Tsang, Daniel C.W.,Ok, Yong Sik,Rinklebe, Jö,rg Elsevier 2018 The Science of the total environment Vol.645 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Contamination of groundwater with toxic arsenic (As) has become an emerging health and environmental problem around the world, which has seen significant attention amongst the scientists for development of new sorbents to remediate As-contaminated water. Here, we explored the arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) sorption to natural water melon rind (WMR), xanthated WMR and citric acid-modified WMR in aqueous solutions, and determined potential of the most potent sorbent for As removal in groundwater. Xanthated WMR (X-WMR) showed relatively higher As(V) and As(III) removal than the citric acid modified WMR (CA-WMR) and natural WMR. The maximum As(III) (99%) and As(V) (98%) removal was obtained at pH 8.2 and 4.6, respectively, by X-WMR at 4 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> initial As(V) and As(III) concentrations and sorbent dose of 1 g L<SUP>−1</SUP>. Langmuir isotherm model best fitted (<I>R</I> <SUP> <I>2</I> </SUP> of up to 0.96) the data both for As(III) and As(V) sorption to X-WMR. Sorption kinetics of As(V) and As(III) was well described (<I>R</I> <SUP> <I>2</I> </SUP> of up to 0.99) by the pseudo second-order model on surface of the X-WMR. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that As(V) and As(III) sorption was endothermic and spontaneous. The FTIR spectroscopy depicted the presence of different surface function groups (OH, COOH, S-bearing (C=S, S=O and S–S)) which were involved in As(V) and As(III) sequestration on the sorbents examined here. Significantly, X-WMR showed (up to 49%) greater As(III) and As(V) sorption than that of natural WMR. Our results demonstrated that X-WMR efficiently removed 94%–100% (<I>n</I> = 16) of As from As-contaminated drinking well water which possessed detectable concentrations of some anions (e.g., SO<SUB>4</SUB>, CO<SUB>3</SUB>, HCO<SUB>3</SUB>). This study highlights that the X-WMR has potential to remove As, notably As(III), from solutions and drinking water, and might be utilized as a reactive medium for the treatment of As-contaminated water.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Water melon rind (WMR) was tested for arsenic removal potential from water. </LI> <LI> Xanthated WMR removed up to 99% of As(III)/As(V) in solutions. </LI> <LI> Langmuir and pseudo second-order models provided the best fits for As(III) and As(V). </LI> <LI> FTIR spectra showed arsenic sequestration with surface functional groups of sorbents. </LI> <LI> Xanthated WMR successfully removed 94–100% arsenic from drinking well water. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

      • Impact of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on heavy metal availability and microbial activity: A field study

        Nie, Chengrong,Yang, Xing,Niazi, Nabeel Khan,Xu, Xiaoya,Wen, Yuhui,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Ok, Yong Sik,Xu, Song,Wang, Hailong Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.200 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the current study, we conducted a field experiment using the test plant, <I>Brassica chinesis</I> L. (pak choi), to investigate the effect of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), and the health of soil microbiota in a contaminated soil. Biochar application significantly (<I>P</I> < 0.05) increased pak choi yield. Bioavailability of heavy metals to plant shoots and roots decreased with increasing biochar application rates (at 0, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 t ha<SUP>−1</SUP>). Sequential extraction of the biochar-treated and -untreated soil revealed that exchangeable Cd reduced whereas organically-bound fraction increased with increasing biochar rate. The labile fractions of Cu and Pb decreased, but the residual fraction increased in biochar-treated soils compared to the control. Urease, catalase and invertase activities, and the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly enhanced, whereas fungi population declined in biochar-treated soils. This study highlights that sugarcane bagasse biochar has the potential to support the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals, and as such can improve the yield and quality of agricultural crops.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Sugarcane bagasse biochar amendment reduced availability of Cd, Cu and Pb in soils. </LI> <LI> Heavy metals were less labile in the biochar-treated soils. </LI> <LI> Biochar amendment induced an increase in soil enzyme and microbial activity. </LI> <LI> Edible part of pak choi was safer for human consumption after biochar amendment. </LI> </UL> </P>

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