A Study of Past Research on Sŏngsan Fortress Wooden Tablets and an Examination of Exacavated Wooden Tablet Documents

Nari Kang(강나리) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2017 International Journal of Korean History Vol.22 No.2

본고는 함안 성산산성 출토 목간의 연구 현황을 살펴보고, 최근에 보고된 문서목간의 새로운 해석을 시도한 글이다. 함안 성산산성에서 2016년까지 모두 314점의 목간이 출토되었다. 이는 대체로 6세기 중엽에, 각 지역에서 제작된 것이다. 대부분 하찰목간이며, 그 기본 서식은 ‘지명+인명+물품명+수량’이다. 목간의 지명들은 上州의 관할지역으로, 낙동강 수로를 이용하여 각지의 세금을 함안에 집결시켜 옛 가야지역을 경영하였음을 알 수 있다. 목간의 추가 발굴에 따라 村의 성격・구조 및 ‘負’의 의미 이해에 진전이 있었으며, ‘奴人’의 성격 규명 논의는 심화되었다. 한편, 최근 보고된 17차-1호와 자전-221호를 통해 신라 사회 모습을 간취할 수 있다. ‘代法’은 ‘역역 동원에 대한 교대 기간을 규정한 법률’이며, 성산산성에서는 60일을 주기로 축성의 역에 동원되었음을 확인하였다. 또 남산신성비에 보이는 촌을 단위로 한 역역동원체계가 6세기 중반에 이미 갖추어져 있었으며, 신라 지방사회까지 문서행정이 시행되고 있었음을 추정하였다. This paper examines past research on wooden tablets (mokkan) excavated from Sŏngsan Fortress in Haman and attempts to provide a new interpretation of wooden tablet documents (munsŏ mokkan) that have been recently discovered. Up until last year (2016), a total of 314 wooden tablets have been excavated from Sŏngsan Fortress in Haman. They were produced in various regions around the mid-sixth century. Most were wooden tablet labels (hach’al mokkan), which contained the following information in the same format: “place name, person’s name, item, and the amount of items.” The place names found on the wooden tablets were under the jurisdiction of Sangju (上州), showing that Silla administered the territories that once belonged to Kaya and collected taxes from different regions, which were brought to Haman through the waterways of the Nakdong River. The discovery of additional wooden tablets has advanced the understanding of the structure and nature of ch’on (village, 村) as well as the meaning of “負” (pu), and intensified the debate on the nature of noin (奴人). It was also possible to speculate on the state of society in Silla through the recently discovered wooden tablets, 17-No. 1 and Chajŏn-No. 221. This study was able to confirm that “taebŏp” (代法) was a stipulation on the length of statute labor workers performed for each rotation, and that workers were mobilized for the construction of Sŏngsan Fortress for 60 days at a time. Moreover, this study speculates that the labor mobilization system, whose basic unit was ch’on, was already established in the mid-sixth century, and that the document administration of regional governments in Silla were in practice as well.

고구려의 賦稅制度와 下戶의 사회경제적 지위 변화

강나리(Kang, Nari) 고구려발해학회 2023 고구려발해연구 Vol.76 No.-

Interferon-γ-mediated secretion of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases has a role in protection of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells against experimental colitis

( Insung Kang ),( Byung-chul Lee ),( Jin Young Lee ),( Jae-jun Kim ),( Seung-eun Lee ),( Nari Shin ),( Soon Won Choi ),( Kyung-sun Kang ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2019 BMB Reports Vol.52 No.5

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that present immunosuppressive effects in experimental and clinical trials targeting various rare diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, recent studies have reported tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) possesses uncanonical roles such as angiostatic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, little is known about the function of WRS in MSC-based therapy. In this study, we investigated if a novel factor, WRS, secreted from MSCs has a role in amelioration of IBD symptoms and determined a specific mechanism underlying MSC therapy. Experimental colitis was induced by administration of 3% DSS solution to 8-week-old mice and human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) were injected intraperitoneally. Secretion of WRS from hUCB-MSCs and direct effect of WRS on isolated CD4⁺ T cells was determined via in vitro experiments and hUCB-MSCs showed significant therapeutic rescue against experimental colitis. Importantly, WRS level in serum of colitis induced mice decreased and recovered by administration of MSCs. Through in vitro examination, WRS expression of hUCB-MSCs increased when cells were treated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). WRS was evaluated and revealed to have a role in inhibiting activated T cells by inducing apoptosis. In summary, IFN-γ- mediated secretion of WRS from MSCs has a role in suppressive effect on excessive inflammation and disease progression of IBD and brings new highlights in the immunomodulatory potency of hUCB-MSCs. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(5): 318-323]

신라 중고기 租稅의 수취 방식 ― 함안 성산산성 하찰목간을 중심으로 ―

강나리(Kang, Nari) 경북대학교 인문학술원 2023 동서인문 Vol.- No.22

본 논문은 함안 성산산성 출토 하찰목간의 내용과 기재 방식의 분석을 통해 신라 중고기 租稅 수취 방식을 검토한 것이다. 성산산성 출토 하찰목간의 물품과 수량은 稗 1石이 가장 일반적이지만, 수량 단위로 石이 아닌 負와 發이 30% 이상의 비율을 보인다. 發은 負와 함께 짐, 꾸러미로 이해하는 것이 일반적인데, 古阤목간에서만 확인된다. 고타목간을 분석한 결과, 성산산성 하찰목간의 石은 용량 단위이자 용기로서의 의미를 동시에 가지고 있었고, ‘짐’의 의미로 사용된 負와 달리, 發은 짚으로 만든 그릇인 섬(石)과는 재료나 형태가 다른 도구 혹은 포장 형태를 가리키는 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 이들 사이에 양의 차이는 없다는 점에서 성산산성 하찰목간의 대부분은 개인별로 稗 1石을 납부한 기록으로 이해할 수 있다. 그런데 성산산성 목간의 奴人도 일반민과 동일한 租를 부담하였다. 이와 관련하여 三國 孫吳 때 限米를 납부한 奴客의 존재가 주목된다. 원래 외래인을 의미하는 客은 주인과 대등한 관계였지만 점차 신분과 지위가 奴에 가까워지면서 삼국시대에는 客의 사속적 지위가 법적으로 확정되었고, 南朝에 이르면 奴客이 客의 명칭을 대신하게 되었다. 신라의 奴人은신라 영토에 새로 편입된 변방 지역의 복속민으로 외래의 존재이고, 노인목간의 양식은 주인의 호적에 부기된 客의 기재 양식과 유사하며 租稅를 납부하고 있다는 점에서 客과 마찬가지로 양민과 노비의 중간에 위치한 예속민으로 파악할 수 있다. 아울러 독립된 호적을 가질 수 없는 奴人이 납부 주체였다는 점을 고려하면, 일반적으로 균액의 곡물은 戶主가 아니라 丁男에게 부과된 것으로 이해된다. 한편, 성산산성 하찰목간 가운데는 여러 명이 함께 稗 1石을 납부한 복수인명목간도 존재한다. 唐과 고대 일본에서는 調를 수취할 때 1戶에서 匹 등 단위 수량이 되지 않는 경우, 인근의 것을 합하여 단위 수량으로 납부케 하였다. 이를 참조하면 복수인명목간은 1石을 채우기 위해 여러 명의 세물을 합친 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 또한 이를 통해 세물을 납부자 단위가 아닌 1石 단위로 포장하였으며, 행정촌 단계에서 이미 1石 단위로 관리하고 있었음을 알 수 있다. This study aimed to review the tax collection methods during the Middle Ancient Period of Silla. Wooden tablets used for baggage tags of supplies excavated from the Seongsansanseong Fortress in Haman were used as the subject of analysis. First, the author reviews the contents and writing methods for the Seongsansanseong Fortress baggage tag wooden tablets as a whole. The author analyzed the wooden tablets from the Gota(古阤) region. Through an examination of the meanings of lexemes like seok(石), bu(負), and bal(發), as well as the Noin(奴人) wooden tablets, the author identified the subjects and amounts of tax collection. In addition, the author examined wooden tablets that contained multiple names and tablets that contained the same name to investigate the tax collection management method.

Analysis of a commercial-scale photovoltaics system performance and economic feasibility

Kang, Moon Hee,Kim, Nari,Yun, Changhun,Kim, Yong Hyun,Rohatgi, Ajeet,Han, Sang Taek American Institute of Physics 2017 Journal of renewable and sustainable energy Vol.9 No.2

Cardiac Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Anion Channel during Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury

Kang, Sunghyun,Kim, Hyunggyu,Ko, Jaehong,Park, Won Sun,Mohamad Warda,Kim, Nari,Youm, Jae Boum,Han, Jin 이화여자대학교 세포신호전달연구센터 2008 고사리 세포신호전달 심포지움 Vol. No.10

Mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenesis, reactive oxygen species. production, and intracellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction during metabolic inhibition causes energy depletion and loss of cellular function and integrity, leading to cell death. Mitochondria possess a highly permeable outer membrane and an inner membrane that was originally thought to be relatively impermeable to ions to prevent dissipation of the electrochemical gradient for protons. Ion channels on the mitochondrial inner membrane influence membrane potential(ΔΨ_(m)) and cell function in specific ways that can be detrimental to cell survival. Mitochondrial K^(+) channels(mitoK_(Ca) and mitoK_(ATP)) are important determinants of resistance to ischemic damage and apoptosis, and may be clinically recruitable to prevent cardiac ischemic injury. In contrast, inner membrane anion channel(IMAC) initiates oscillations of mitochondrial redox and membrane potential, and thus might influence the overall function of the cell. In this study we recorded IMAC in cardiac mitochondrial inner membrane using nano patch-clamp techniques, and we tested whether IMAC confers protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury or not. We demonstrated that metabolic inhibition can trigger synchronized oscillations in ΔΨ_(m), ROS production, and mitochondrial redox potential. In the open-channel current-voltage curve, single channel currents with a full unitary conductance of 107 pS were often observed. DIDS, 4'-chlorodiazepham and PK11195 decreased the channel activity and prevented metabolic inhibition-induced ΔΨ_(m) loss. They also protected cardiac myocytes against ischemic-reperfusion injury. We are now trying to confirm the nature and molecular identity of the channel components. Our results suggest that IMAC is present in cardiac mitochondria and plays a role as key arbiters of cell life and death. Our studies may contribute to understanding the close relationship between mitochondrial ion channels, membrane potential, and the overall function of the cell. The ion channels should be present in all cell types containing mitochondria and the implications for normal as well as for pathophysiological cell function are universal.

In Vivo Study of Mastoid Obliteration Using Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Patch

Kang, Jieun,Oh, Se-Joon,Lee, Hyun-Min,Jeong, Ki-Jae,Shin, Nari,Lee, Il-Woo,Lee, Jaebeom AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS 2017 Journal of biomedical nanotechnology Vol.13 No.12

Digging into Human Milk Oligosaccharides by Milk Pasteurization and Freeze-Dry

Nari Seo,Tuyen Nguyen,Ye Rin Jin,Nam Mi Kang,Jae Han Kim,Hyun Joo An 한국당과학회 2017 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.01

Human breast milk is frequently heated or frozen to restrain microbial growth. Nutrient compounds consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are often affected by heating and freezing steps. In this study, we have monitored the change of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) after pasteurization and freeze-drying steps. HMOs are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in human milk. It is well known that various structures of HMOs are associated with absorption, catabolism and biological functions such that contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and health microbial colonization. However, there is no previous study regarding chemical stability of HMOs during high temperature pasteurization and freeze-dried. Briefly, human milk samples from 3 mothers were pasteurized at 63℃ for 30minutes and freeze-dried at-83℃ for 5days, respectively. HMOs were enriched and profiled by mass spectrometry. Initially the composition and structure of HMOs was assigned by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Further, native HMOs were relatively quantified by PGC column-based LC/MS providing an enhanced separation of isomeric structure. More than 30 HMOs have been identified and quantified. We could confirm that pasteurization and freeze-drying of human milk does not influence chemical property of HMOs at all.

Changes of Cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> under Metabolic Inhibition in Isolated Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Sunghyun Kang,Nari Kim,Hyun Joo,Jae Boum Youm,Won Sun Park,Mohamed Warda,Hyungkyu Kim,Dang Van Cuong,Taeho Kim,Euiyong Kim,Jin Han 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2005 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.9 No.5

To characterize cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> fluctuations under metabolic inhibition, rat ventricular myocytes were exposed to 200μM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and mitochondrial Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ<SUB>m</SUB>), and cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> were measured, using Rhod-2 AM, TMRE, and Fluo-4 AM fluorescent dyes, respectively, by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM). Furthermore, the role of sarcolemmal Na<SUP>⁢</SUP>/Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> exchange (NCX) in cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> efflux was studied in KB-R7943 and Na<SUP>⁢</SUP>-free normal Tyrode s solution (143 mM LiCl ). When DNP was applied to cells loaded with Fluo-4 AM, Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity initially increased by 70⁑10% within 70⁑10 s, and later by 400⁑200% at 850⁑46 s. Fluorescence intensity of both Rhod-2 AM and TMRE were initially decreased by DNP, coincident with the initial increase of Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity. When sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> was depleted by 1μM thapsigargin plus 10μM ryanodine, the initial increase of Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity was unaffected, however, the subsequent progressive increase was abolished. KB-R7943 delayed both the first and the second phases of cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> overload, while Na<SUP>⁢</SUP>-free solution accelerated the second. The above results suggest that: 1) the initial rise in cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> under DNP results from mitochondrial depolarization; 2) the secondary increase is caused by progressive Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> release from SR; 3) NCX plays an important role in transient cytosolic Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> shifts under metabolic inhibition with DNP.

건강검진에서 우연히 발견된 Portal vein aneurysm case report

최나리(Nari Choi),강선희(Seon-Hee Kang) 대한초음파의료영상학회 2017 대한초음파의료영상학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2 No.1