칸트 도덕철학의 관점에서 본 현행 인성교육의 문제점

문성학 새한철학회 2001 哲學論叢 Vol.23 No.1

최근 우리 교육계의 화두는 인성교육이다. 인간을 인간답게 만드는 것이 중요하다는 것이다. 그러나 과연 인간을 인간답게 만드는 기계적인 교육방법이 있는가 하는 것이 근본적인 의문으로 떠오른다. 칸트는 인간의 인간됨을 인격성이라 불렀으며, 이 인격성의 핵심은 도덕성이며, 도덕성의 핵심은 자유라고 말했다. 자유 없는 인격 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 최근 우리 사회에서 광범위하게 실시되고 있는 '점수 따기 봉사활동'은 도덕성의 핵심인 자유를 부정하는 바탕 위에서 실시되고 있다는 근본적인 문제점을 갖고 있다. 이런 점에서 본다면 인간의 인격성과 도덕성의 핵심인 자유를 파괴하는 방식으로 인간을 인간답게 만들려는 봉사활동은 자기모순적 교육활동이라 하겠다. 또한 인성교육론자들은 인간다운 인간을 육성하기 위해서는 주당 1~2 시간씩 실시되는 정규 도덕교과를 통한 교육으로는 불가능하기 때문에, 전교과를 통해 인성교육이 실시되어야 한다고 주장하다. 이는 언뜻 듣기에 그럴듯한 말이지만, 이 주장 역시 인간을 길들여야 할 대상으로 간주하며 자유의 주체로 보지 않는다는 근본적인 문제점을 갖고 있다. 칸트는 인간이 인간답게 되는 것은 길들여짐에 의해서라기보다 근본적으로 사고의 혁명을 통한 자유의 각성에 의해서라고 생각한다. Recent slogan of educational field in our society is In-sung education, which should be taken to mean not 'character education' but 'humanity education' or 'personhood education'. Of course it is very important educational task to make a socialized person out of a biological man. However, it is highly questionable to find any mechanical process which enables us to make a person out of a man. There can be no such mechanical process. In the center of humanity there is morality and in the center of morality there is freedom of will. Therefore we can say that without freedom there can be no humanity. To speak otherwise, the essence of humanity is freedom. It is the essential teachings of Kantian moral philosophy. If we enquire into current educational movement named In-sung education from a viewpoint of Kantian moral philosophy, we can find some fatal defaults. The first of which is it's disregard of the freedom of moral agency. In-sung education do not prompt the freedom of moral agency rather demolish it. Second fatal default of In-sung education is that it lays too much emphasis on living etiquette. Not to mention, to make a courteous person of a pupil is not to be neglected. But it may not be the core part of moral education. In-sung education focused living etiquette unavoidably leads to taming education based on behaviorism. By the way, behaviorism, its representatives are J. B. Waston and B.F. Skinner, denies the free will of man. But if man can not show voluntary moral act, it will be an empty rhetoric to speak that man is the lord of all creation.

The prediction of the tooth size in the mixed dentition for Korean

Moon, Sung-Hwan,Kim, Seong-Oh,Yu, Hyung-Seong,Choi, Byung-Jai,Choi, Hyung-Jun,Lee, Jae-Ho 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.2

이번 연구의 목적은 혼합치열기 아동에서 미맹출된 견치와 소구치의 크기를 예측하는데 있어서 한국인에 맞는 방정식을 만들기 위함이다. 미맹출 치아의 크기를 예측하는 것은 혼합치열기 교정 진단과 치료계획 수립에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 미맹출된 견치와 소구치 크기를 예측하는 방법은 몇가지가 있지만 그중에서도 가장 흔하게 쓰이는 것이 모이어의 예측표와 다나카와 존스턴의 방정식이 있다. 하지만 그것들은 백인을 위해서 제작된 것이고 치아 크기는 인종에 따라서 다르다고 알려져 있다. 이번 연구에서는 치아크기를 측정하여 하악 영구 절치의 크기 합과 견치 및 소구치의 크기 합 사이의 상관관계를 구하고 회귀방정식을 이용해서 한국인에 맞는 예측표를 만들었다. 연세대학교 치과대학에 재학중인 178명의 한국 학생(남 108명, 여 70명, 평균연령 21.63)을 대상으로 실험하였다. 영구치의 근원심 폭경을 석고모형상에서 calipers를 이용해서 측정하였다. 성별간의 치아 크기는 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Correlation coefficient는 0.57에서 0.64의 범위였고, standard errors of the estimates 는 여성에서 0.6으로써 남성보다 우수하였다. r^(2)값은 0.27에서 0.41의 범위를 나타내었다. Estimating the size of unerupted teeth is an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning in the mixed dentition. Several methods were introduced and used for the prediction. The most common methods among these would be Moyers probability chart and Tanaka and Johnston equations. These are currently used widely, but they were developed for Caucasians. Because there are clear racial differences in teeth size, the objectives of this study were to produce correlation coefficients between the combined mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular incisors and those of the canines and premolars for each quadrant, and prediction tables with regression equations, specifically for Korean. 178 young adults (70 women, 108 men, mean age 21.63 years) were selected from the College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the permanent teeth were measured with calipers. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes. The correlation coefficients between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and those of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were found to be between 0.52 and 0.64. The standard error of the estimatation was better (0.60) for women and the r^(2) values ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 for both sexes, Prediction tables were prepared for Korean. This study showed larger canine and premolar diameters than Tanaka and Johnston's and Moyers' studies which might be due to the racial differences. Further investigations with a larger sample size will be needed for more representative data on the Korean population.

家兎의 總輸膽管內 揷管을 通해 投與한 Ethyl Alcohol-Ethyl Ether 溶液이 肝吸蟲 및 肝實質에 미치는 影響

文祥泰 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1980 충남의대잡지 Vol.7 No.1

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of chemical agents on clonorchis sinensis and host's liver tissues. In vitro, flukes were tested with ethyl alcohol-ethyl ether solution of different concentration. The experimental rabbits were infected each with 500 of metacercariae and 35 to 40 days later a polyethylene catheter of gauge No. 20 was inserted into the common bile duct of each rabbit, then ethyl alcohol-ethyl ether solution was infused through the catheter. Fifty days after infection, the rabbits were sacrificed to study the histopathological changes of the liver and to detect the infected flukes in the liver, then the following results were obtained. 1. The flukes were killed within 10 seconds in the original solution (one part of 99% ethyl alcohol plus two parts of ethyl ether), 2 to 5 minutes in 50% soluton diluted with 0.9% NaCl solution and 5 to 10 minutes in 25% solution in vitro. 2. The reduction in number of infected flukes in the ethyl alcohol-ethyl ether infusion group was 63% in average compared to the control group. 3. Necrosis and abscess of the liver parenchyma, inflammation of the bile ducts and the vessels, dilatation of the blood vessels and cirrhotic changes ware more marked in the group of ethyl alcohol-ethyl ether infusion than those seen in the other groups and directly related to the concentration of the solution. 4. The degree of the hepatic enlargement was generally proportional to the histopathological changes of the liver and inversely proportional to the body weight of the rabbits. 5. One shot of infusion with concentrated ethyl alcohol-ethyl ether solution, namely the original solution was superior to the low concentrated solution of multiple infusion for elimination of the infected flukes and induced less damages to the liver.

韓半島의 東 ·西岸氣候의 特性에 關하여

文勝義,金日坤 新羅大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to clarify the difference of surface air climatology between the east and west coasts of the Korean Peninsula using the surface climatic elements. It was clarified that some climatic elements (precipitation, temperatures, rainy day, vapor pressure, relative humidity, surface air pressure) except diurnal range of temperature and wind speed show considerable difference between the east and west coasts of the Korean Peninsula. It was examined synoptically the reason which concern the regional difference. The effect of monsoon, adding the effect of Jangma front in summer produce the difference of surface air climatology between the east and west coasts of the Koreane Peninsula. Seasonal change of the surface climate along the east and west coasts of the Korean Peninsula was also dealt in this study.

超音波 硏削에 依한 화인 세라믹스의 加工性能에 關한 硏究

文秉秀,金聖淸,南丞炫 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2002 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

The fine ceramics are very difficult to grind to get high efficiency because they have not only high strength and brittleness but also high hardness. In this study, the ultrasonic grinding set-up that is operating by milling machine with attaching special device has been developed to get efficient machining of fine ceramics having wear resistance and brittle material. The following results through the experiment for various grinding conditions by the ultrasonic grinding are obtained. 1. Both the ultrasonic and the conventional grinding have 4 times better the grinding resistance value in horizontal direction than the vertical direction. 2. In case of table speed is low and grain size of diamond wheel is fine, the surface roughness is improved. But in case of grinding depth is increasing, the surface roughness is not improved because of increasing of grinding resistance and wornout of diamond wheel. 3. It could get high efficiency grinding effect by increasing grain size of diamond wheel. Also, it showed that tool wornout appears to be decreased than in case of conventional grinding under same condition.

자일리톨 첨가가 동치미의 맛과 발효숙성에 미치는 영향

문성원,장명숙 한국조리과학회 2004 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The effect of xylitol on the Dongchimi fermentation was investigated by measuring the sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties during fermentation of up to 30 days. Dongchimi with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% w/v xylitol was fermented at 10℃. The addition of 1% xylitol gave the highest scores in terms of the overall acceptability, texture, ripeness, sweet taste and smell. During the fermentation, the total acidity increased, while the pH gradually decreased. The reducing sugars showed the highest content with the addition of 1% xylitol. The vitamin C was increased in the early stage of fermentation, but reduced gradually after 5 days. The vitamin C content of the Dongchimi with 2% xylitol addition was shown to be the highest. The total viable cells and lactic acid bacteria increased between 2 and 5 days of fermentation, but were gradually reduced thereafter. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria with 1% xylitol addition were more numerous than with the other percentage additions. The current study showed that the application of 1% xylitol to the fermentation of Dongchimi enhanced the sensory values of the fermented product.

벤처기업 支援資金의 效率的 運用方案에 관한 硏究

文仁喆,洪性仁,金奉浩 강남대학교 사회과학연구소 1999 사회과학논총 Vol.8 No.-

전경대원에서 발생한 결핵의 임상 양상

문창기,박상준,조민구,김영중,김소연,김윤권,정준오,안석진,김은실,서승오,김지훈,최원제,이윤영,박형기,최규영,김현근 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

Background: The purpose of this study was to document the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with tuberculosis (TB) in combat and auxiliary police, living in a group, in Korea where the incidence rate of active TB in a general population is higher than in Western countries. Materials and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all tuberculosis patients diagnosed at National Police Hospital from January 2002 through December 2004. Results:In 2002-2004, a total of 156 cases of tuberculosis were identified with the mean (Standard deviation) age of 20.6 (±1.0) years. Of these, 134 (85.9%) patients were registered as new cases, 11 (7.1%) as relapse, 2 (1.3%) as failure, 5 (3.1%) as treatment-after-default cases whereas 4 (2.6 %) patients were not included in any categories. Average annual new TB rate and smear-positive TB rate were 86.5/10^(5) and 17.4/10^(5) person-years, respectively. In 12 of 31 smear-positive cases, time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was more than 30 days. Two multidrug-resistance TB cases were identified and two suspected outbreak episodes of TB had occurred during 3 years. Conclusion:There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of new cases of TB between the general population aged 20 to 29 years and combat and auxiliary police in Korea. 배경 : 국내 결핵의 발생은 감소 추세에 있으나 여전히 후진국형 발생양상을 보이고 있다. 특히 집단생활을 하는 젊은이들에서 발생하는 결핵의 유행이 간헐적으로 알려지고 있어 우려를 낳고 있다. 이에 저자들은 최근 전경대원의 결핵 발병 양상에 대해 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 3년간 경찰병원에서 결핵 진료를 받은 전경대원의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여 연도별 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성결핵 신환율, 진단 지연, 집단발병, 다제내성결핵을 조사하였다. 결과 : 연도별 결핵 신환자 수(10만명당 발생추정치)는 2002년 50명(83.6명), 2003년 42명(83.7명), 2004년 42명(93.5명)이었고 도말양성 폐결핵 신환자 수는 2002년 10명(16.7명), 2003년 11명(21.9명), 2004년 6명(13.4명)이었다. 3년간 도말양성 폐결핵 환자는 31명이 있었고 그 중 12명은 호흡기 증상 발생 30일이 지나서 진단을 받았다. 다제내성 결핵은 2명이 있었으며 결핵의 집단발병이 의심되는 사례는 2차례 있었다. 결론 : 전경대원과 20-29세 연령군 일반인의 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성 폐결핵 발생률의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다.

좌표 섭동법을 이용한 2차원 정체흐름의 안정성 해석

문성기,김만회 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1989 연구보고 Vol.17 No.2

Two-dimensional plane stagnation flow is known to be linearly stable to three-dimensional disturbances. This three-dimensional disturbances is propotional to the streamwise-direction distance, not arbitrary disturbances. The purpose of this theoretical study is to show that the same flow destabilized if fluction levels are sufficiently high and arbitrary type. In the present formulation, finite-amplitude disturbances are expanded in terms of the eigenfunctions pertaining to coordinate perturbations. The growing disturbance takes the form of secondary vortice, i.e. vortices more or less parallel to the streamlines. The instability is usually confined to the boundary layer and spacing of the secondary vortices is analysed theoretically for the case of infinitesimal disturbances of the type first sturdied by Gortler and Hammerlin. The third order disturbances grows exponentially above certain critical intensity. The existence of such a threshold is in qualitative agreement with exerperimental studies of secondary vortices arising in flows past blunt bodies.

干拓地에 대한 耕耘 및 施肥方法이 機械移秧 벼 生育 및 除鹽에 미치는 영향에 관한 硏究

文溶植,姜成庸 조선대학교 농업연구소 1982 農業硏究 Vol.1982 No.1

新干拓地 벼機械移秧栽培에 알맞은 耕耘 및 施肥方法을 究明하므로씨 유휴干拓地의 效果的인 利用과 單位面積當 收量增大로 農業所得增大에 기여코자 1981年度 實施하여 얻어진 試驗結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 排水로인한 窒素의 流失은 深耕과 全層施肥를 하므로써 약간 減少되었다. 2. 牛耕區에서 排水中 NaCI含量은 耕耘직후에는 약간 높았으나 生育後期에는 낮았음은 深耕을 하므로써 除鹽을 촉진시킬 수 있으리라 思料된다. 3. 耕作期間이 경과됨에 따라 士壞中加里 Mg. SiO_2은 減少되었으나 Ca. N의 含量은 增加되었다. 4. 水稻莖葉中氷 K_2O MgO SiO_2 Fe Mn의 吸收는 一般陸畓보다 많았지만 N. CaO는 적었다. 5. 干拓地에 있어서 N의 利用率은 一般陸畓에 比해 減少되었다. 6. 窒素無施用區에서는 深耕을 하므로써 收量이 減少되었으나 室素施用刷區에서는 深耕區에서 收量이 增收되었다. Through the examination of prowing and application method Suitable for the mechanically transplanted paddy cultivation in newly reclaimed paddy land, in order for farmhouses to increase their income by the effective utilization of unused reclaimed paddy fields and by increasing quantity per unit area, the results of the experiments performed in 1981 are summarized as follows; 1. The loss nitrogen by draining decreased slightly through deep plowing and whole layer fertlization. 2. NaCl content while draining in ox-drawn plowing plot is high immediately after deep plowing, but it is low in the latergrowth period. 3. Asthe growth period progressed, the content of K.Mg.SiO_2 in the soil decreased but that of Ca. N increased. 4. In reclaimed rice fields, the absorption of K.Mg.SiO_2 Fe.Mn in paddy sclerophyll is higher than in general rice fields but that of N. CaO is lower. 5. The coefficient of N utilization in reclaimed rice fields decreased more than in general rice fidlds. 6. The quantity in rice is decreased in N non-application plots, but increased in Napplication plots, due to deep plowing.