MCH SERVICE SYSTEM IN KOREA AND PROBLEMS OF SERVICES IN COMMUNITY

Moon Sik Hong(홍문식),Na Mi Hwang(황나미) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1993 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.10 No.1

韓國青少年의 性實態考察

洪文植(Moon Sik Hong) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1989 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.6 No.1

家族計劃普及 極大化事業方案

洪文植(Hong, Moon-Sik),崔焞(Choi, Soon),吳南均(Oh, Nam-Kyoon) 인구문제연구소 1976 人口問題論集 Vol.- No.20

韓國 婦人의 不姙症実態에 関한 考察

洪文植(Moon-Sik Hong),金鐸一(Taek Il Kim) 한국인구학회 1982 한국인구학 Vol.5 No.1

One of the primary objectives of Korean family planning program is to assist parents in having the number of children they want, both by providing fertility-enhancing services to infecund and subfecund women and by providing fertility-limitation services to fecund women. As far as fertility-enhancing services to infecund and subfecund women is concerned, there has been little effort from the national family planning program. So far, there is no any basic data on infertility prevalence rate among the Korean women. Therefore, an attempt has been made to review data of 1976 and 1978 fertility and family planning surveys in order to estimate the level of infertility rate among the Korean women. In the 1978 survey 3.7 percent of the current married women responded that they were physically infertile while in the 1976 survey physically infertile women was calculated as 3 percent of the total ever married women wihch is similar level of 1978 data of 3.7 percent. Mean age at first marriage of Korean women is 23 and most of the women are married in the highly fecund age. Only 0.3 percent of the respondents married age 30. In addition, the rate of women with no children among the ever married women whose marriage duration is more than 5 years is very low;2.5 percent among 5-9 years, 1.4 percent among 10-14 years; 1.8 precent among 15-l9 years; 1.0 percent among 20-24 years;and 0.7 percent among 25 or more years of marriage duration. If we consider those data shown above, it is manifest that infertility rate of Korean women is less than 5 percent level which is much lower than the 10 percent level of infertility rate in the United States of America. However, this kind of estimation is still not able to show definite data on fertility rate. Therefore, a nationwide planned survey should be carried out as early as possible to figure out the real situation of infertility rate in Korea.

10代 勤勞女性의 特性 및 性에 대한 態度 硏究

洪文植(Moon Sik Hong),徐文姬(Moon Hee Suh) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1986 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.3 No.1

출산력 억제정책의 영향과 변천에 관한 고찰

홍문식(Moon-Sik Hong) 한국인구학회 1998 한국인구학 Vol.21 No.2

정부는 1960년대 초기의 높은 인구증가율이 경제개발의 저해 요인임을 인식하여 1962년부터 시작되는 5개년 단위의 경제개발 장기계획의 일환으로 가족계획사업을 출산조절정책 수단으로 수용하였다. 초창기부터 가족계획사업은 정부의 보건조직망을 통하여 가족계획요원에 의한 피임보급 활동과 지정시술의사에 의한 자궁내장치 및 불임시술 서비스 등이 무료로 제공되었고 특히 피임방법별 목표량 제도와 규제 및 보상 등 사회제도적 지원시책으로 1980년대까지 지속적으로 사업이 강화되었다. 민간단체의 지원활동으로는 대한가족계획협회에 의한 계몽교육사업과 한국 보건사회연구원(초창기에는 가족계획연구원)에 의한 사업평가 및 조사연구사업이 활발히 이루어 졌다. 결과적으로 1960년에 6명 수준이던 합계출산율이 1980년대 중반에 대치수준(2.1)으로 저하되어 30년도 못되는 단기간에 인구전환을 이룩하는 획기적인 성과를 갖게 되었다. 그후 합계출산율은 1.6에서 1.7 범위의 저출산을 유지하고 있으며 이러한 수준이 지속된다면 현 1% 미만인 인구성장률은 2028년에 총인구가 5.060만 수준에서 그 성장을 멈추고 그 후로는 인구의 감소가 초래될 것으로 예상된다. 이에 정부는 1996년 6월에 기존의 인구억제정책을 전면적으로 폐지하고 인구자질향상에 역점을 두는 방향으로 공식적인 정책전환을 이룩하였다. 한편 남아선호사상 등 영향으로 태아의 성감별에 의한 성선별적 인공임신중절로 인하여 출생성비의 불균형이 심화되고 유배우 부인의 인공임신중절도 아직 상당수준으로 높게 지속되고 있어 삶의질 차원에서의 새로운 인구자질향상 정책이 특히 모자보건과 노인보건을 포함하는 전반적인 국민건강증진 프로그램과 함께 더욱 효과적으로 추진되어 복지사회 구현에 기여할 수 있는 사업으로 발전되는 것이 바람직할 것이다. Korean government decided to adopt an explicit population control policy in 1961 and from the following year the establishment and operation of the national family planning programme was included in each of the Five-Year Economic Development Plans that began in 1962. This policy was pursued in the understanding that without proper population control measures korea could not be able to achieve economic development. Korean national family planning programme is characterized by contraceptive target system through public health network with distribution of free contraceptives by family planning field workers and clinical contraceptive services such as IUD, vasectomy and tubaligation at designated clinics by the government. In addition, IE&C activities by the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea and programme evaluation and research by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs contributed to the development of the government programme. Between 1960 and mid 1980s the nation's total fertility rate was reduced from 6.0 to population replacement level of 2.1 and thereafter it has been maintained at 1.6 to 1.7 of below replacement level. With a short period of less than three decades fertility transition was completed in Korea. It is estimated that if the current level of a below replacement fertility continues, the population in Korea stabilize at around 52.78 million people by the year 2028, and it will begin to decrease thereafter. Under this circumstances, the government adopted new directions and strategies of the population policy in June 1996, focused primarily on population quality and social welfare than on demographic arenas. In spite of over 80 percent of high contraceptive prevalence among married women, high incidence of induced abortions is maintained. Moreover, the prevalence of sex selective induced abortions using procedures to determine the sex of the fetus has resulted in an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. In order to overcome those problems associated with reproductive health new policy for population quality control and health promotion programme should be highly strengthened in the future.

Boy Preference and Imbalance in Sex Ratio in Korea

Moon Sik Hong(홍문식) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 1995 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.12 No.1

가족형태(家族形態)에 따른 부모(父母)와 자녀(子女)의 심리적(心里的) 특성(特性)

서문희 ( Moon-hee Seo ),홍문식 ( Moon-sik Hong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1988 保健社會硏究 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between family patterns and psyc-hological aspects of mother and child. As the population increase in Korea would be expected to stay at 50 millon in 2020, the population policy need to be renewed and widen to consider the qualitative characteristics of the population. The data collection was made through prepared questionnaire. The respondents were 5th and 6th grade students in primary school and their mothers. The total cases were 118. The survey results showed that the No. of children and the family type related to mother`s child rearing attitude. Mothers in nuclear family tended to be more warm and free than others toward their children. Small families` mother had more warm and free child rearing attitude. But regarding child`s self-esteem family type showed no relationship and No. of siblings showed weak relationship. Child who has Siblings tend to have strong self-esteem. Rather, the birth order and younger Sibling spacing showed more relationship with self-esteem. Those who were first born and those who had younger sibling within two-year-interval had the weakest self-esteem among respondents. Regarding the TFR is 1.7 and the one child family are increasing continuously, the qualitative aspects need to be strengthened in population control policy. Not only the size but also the patterns such as family type, birth order, spacing need to be considered for the psychological well-being of the population.

Effects of Induced Abortion and Son Preference on the Imbalance of Sex Ratio in Korea

Nam-Hoon Cho(趙南勳),Moon-Sik Hong(洪文植),Il-Hyun Kim(金日炫) 한국인구학회 1994 한국인구학 Vol.17 No.2

Despite the fact that the national family planning program in korea has accomplished its primary goals of fertility reduction and universal contraceptive use, the induced abortion is still high and there has been an increasing trend in the population sex ratio at birth. It seems that the changes in the imbalance of sex ratio have originated from traditonal boy preference. This indicates that much of the current family planning program can be overhauled, so that the program quality could be better controlled, by preventing the number of unwanted pregnancies and the imbalance of sex ratios. This paper aims, therefore, to examine the determinants of induced abortion through the investigation of pregnancy outcomes and their changes over time and to study the interaction between induced abortion, boy preference and the imbalance of sex ratio in Korea. The abortion rate had increased rapidly until the mid─1980s when there were about the same number of abortions as live births. Thereafter, the abortion rate has been maintained at this high level. By parity it shows a much higher abortion rate for a higher parity at all time. From the first parity, the sex composition of previous children stands out as the most important factor in deciding the pregnancy outcome at all time. The probability of a pregnancy ending in an abortion increases substantially when parents already had a son. The decline of the desired family size and the sustained strong son preference has made the sex of children a more important factor in the determination of the pregnancy outcome. Women's education has had consistently positive effects on the probability of a pregnancy ending in an abortion, but the effect shows a steady decline over time. The premarital pregnancy and urban residence also increase the abortion probability. This study suggests that the main concerns of the family planning program should be to strengthen the social support policies so as to weaken the son preference value leading to a balanced sex ratio and prevention of induced abortions.

근로녀성(勤勞女性)의 성지식(性知識) 격차(隔差)에 영향을 미치는 요인(要因)에 관한 연구(硏究)

서문희 ( Mun Hee Suh ),홍문식 ( Moon Sik Hong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1985 保健社會硏究 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study was to find out the influence level of structural and functional characteristics on the knowledge gap. In explaining the knowledge gap, structural variables such as age, education, economic status and functional variable such as salience was regarded as independent variables, while seeked exposure to related information was regarded as mediating variable. In this study the topics were family planning and sex informations among the unmarried females workers. The data collected for the study on knowledge and attitude on population and sex among unmarried female workers by Korea Institute for Population and Health in 1983 was partly used. At one way ANOVA analysis, age, education, salience and seeked exposure level showed significant effects on the difference of group means on family planning and sex knowledge level. Only economic variable showed no relations at all. At multiple regression analysis using path model, education and salience was found as explaining seeked exposure by 32 percent and age added little. In also the multiple regression analysis, the explaining power of knowledge was figured out. In explaining reproductive physiological knowledge, exposure had 29 percent explaining power which is followed by educationg with four percent. Beside these, salience and age showed no adding power. In the contraceptive use knowledge the seeked exposure had 26 percent and followed by salience with five percent. We can assumed that knowledge gap on physiology formed structually while knowledge gap on contraceptive use came from functional reason, relatively. In summary, education and salience determined the seeked exposure level which again had effects on knowledge level. Therefore the family planning and sex education through school or institutional education must to be strengthend for the principle knowledges. Before the unmarried female workers become to involve in opposite sex problems or date, enough informations to have healthy social life must to be educated.