이종 면역글로불린인 Artroglobina^(�)에 의한 슬관절의 골성관절염치료

문명상,이인주 최신의학사 1982 最新醫學 Vol.25 No.10

아동치열궁주요구성거리의 6세이후 5년간변화에 관한 연구

노인기,문혁수,백대일,김종배 대한구강보건학회 2002 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.26 No.4

This study was done to obtain data relating to the growth and development of dental arches in Korean primary school children during the five years after six year; of age, which were necessary to design the models for estimating the growth and developmental patterns of dental arches in Korean students. Since the eight lengths representing dental arch width and depth were measured on the stone dental arch models of 565 six year-old students residing in Yeoncheon-Gun county, Kyungki-Do province in 1995, they were longitudinally measured each year until the year 2000. The eight lengths representing dental arch width and depth were respectively measured on the stone dental arch models of 547 seven year-old students in 1996, 521 eight year-old students in 1997, 488 nine year-old students in 1998, 464 ten year-old students in 1999 and 442 eleven year-old students in 2000. Besides, 82 cephalometric distances and 54 cephalometric angles representing craniofacial depth and height were measured on the lateral cephalograms of 565 seven year-old students in 1996. According to the profile classification criteria reported by Lee and Moon^19), the profiles of 565 six year-old students were classified into seven profile groups, which were the upper neutral positioned lower retrognathic long profile group, the upper prognathic lower prognathic very long profile group, the upper retrognathic lower retrognathic middle profile group, the upper prognathic lower neutral positioned short profile group, the upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group, the upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very long profile group and the upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned middle profile group. During the five years after six years of age since 1995, the changed eight lengths of dental arch width and depth representing the growth and development of dental arches were compared and discussed respectively in the seven profile groups. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. Upper inter-deciduous canine widths were continued to increase each year for two years after six years of age in all the male and female seven profile groups. However, they were continued to increase each year after eight years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the male upper neutral positioned lower retrognathic long profile group and the male upper prognathic lower neutral positioned short profile group. 2. Lower inter-deciduous canine widths were continued to increase each year after six years of age in all the male and female seven profile groups. 3. Upper intermolar widths were continued to increase each year for five years after six years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the female upper prognathic lower prognathic very long profile group. 4. Lower intermolar widths were continued to increase each year for five years after six years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the male upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group, the female upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group, the female upper prognathic lower neutral positioned short profile group and the female upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned middle profile group. 5. Upper deciduous canine depths were rapidly increased each year for two years after six years of age in all the male and female profile groups. However, they were continued to increase each year after eight years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the male upper prognathic lower neutral positioned short profile group, the female upper neutral positioned lower retrognathic long profile group and the female upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned middle profile group. 6. Lower deciduous canine depths were continued to increase each year after six years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the female upper retrognathic lower retrognathic middle profile group and the female upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group. 7. Upper molar depths were slowly increased each year for four years after six years of age in all the male and female profile groups. However, they were decreased after ten years of age in all the male and female profile groups. 8. Lower molar depths were increased for one year after six years of age in all the male and female profile groups. However, they were increased for one year after seven years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the male upper retrognathic lower retrognathic middle profile group, the male upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group and the male upper neutral positioned lower neutral positioned very short profile group. And, they were increased for one year after eight years of age in all the other male and female profile groups except the female upper retrognathic lower retrognathic middle profile group. But they were continued to decrease each year after nine years of age in all the male and female profile groups.

DMBA 유도 햄스터 협낭암 발생과정에서 방사선 조사가 증식세포핵항원(PCNA)의 발현과 apoptosis 유발에 미치는 영향

전인성,허민석,최항문,이삼선,최순철 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2000 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.30 No.3

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigate the effect of irradiation on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis induction during the carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouch. Materials and methods : Three months old Syrian golden hamsters were divided into control and 2 experimental groups, Hamsters in control group were left untreated on buccal pouchs. Twenty four hamsters were treated with 0.5% DMBA tri-weekly on the right buccal pouch. Forty eight hamsters were treated with 0.5% DMBA tri-weekly and irradiated with the dose of 5 Gy and 10 Gy at 6,9, 12, 15 weeks after DMBA application. Resected buccal pouches were sectioned and examined for potential expression pattern of PCNA and apoptosis. Results : The PCNA index was increased with the stages of buccal pouch epithelium carcinogenesis except the hyperplasia stage in control group (p< 0.05). The irradiation did not effect on the PCNA index in the dysplasia and the carcinoma in situ stage, but in the hyperplasia stage, the PCNA index was increased with 10 Gy radiation and decreased in the carcinoma stage (p< 0.05). The apoptotic index was significantly decreased from the carcinoma in situ stage and the lowest in the carcinoma stage, The apoptotic index was significantly decreased in the hyperplasia and dysplasia stage with the 5 Gy irradiation and significantly increased only in the carcinoma stage with the 10 Gy irradiation (p< 0.05). Conclusion : The PCNA and apoptotic index were varied according to the irradiation period and dosage in each carcinogenesis stage. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2000; 30: 207-216)

특성화고 ‘인간발달’ 교과서의 인구교육 내용 분석: 저출산·고령화 사회 대비를 위한 인구교육 내용체계(2015)를 중심으로

윤인경 ( Yoon In Kyung ),이수정 ( Lee Soo Jeong ),김민정 ( Kim Minjeong ) 인구교육센터 2016 인구교육 Vol.9 No.1

‘인간발달’ 과목은 특성화고 학생의 인간발달 기초에 대한 전반적인 이해와 이를 토대로 한 직업 세계에서의 발달 지향적 인간으로서의 관계 형성을 위한 교과이다. 이 연구는 2009 개정 교육과정에 의해 개발된 특성화고 인간발달 교과서에 대한 인구교육에 대한 반영 정도를 양적·질적 분석을 통해 향후 인구교육에 대한 교육적 함의를 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 교과서 분석 준거는 윤인경 외(2006)에서 개발한 인구교육 내용 체계를 수정·보완한 4개의 대영역, 10개의 중영역, 23개의 중영역, 71개의 내용요소로 이루어진 윤인경 외(2015)의 ‘저출산·고령화 사회 대비 학교 인구교육의 내용 체계’를 활용하였다. 분석을 통해 얻은 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘Ⅰ. 인간존중’ 영역에서는 중영역 ‘1. 인권’의 경우에는 모든 소영역을 다 다루고 있었으나, 중영역 ‘2. 평등’의 경우에는 소영역 ‘3) 소수자 평등’에 대한 내용이 다루어지지 않았으며, ‘2) 연령 평등’에 대한 언급 역시 부족하였다. 자료 유형은 거의 본문만을 활용하였다. 둘째, ‘Ⅱ. 가족’ 영역에서는 중영역 ‘3. 출산과 양육’의 경우에는 다양한 자료를 활용하여 모든 소영역을 다 다루고 있으나, ‘1. 가족의 의미 변화’와 ‘2. 결혼’의 경우에는 활용한 자료 유형이 제한적이었음은 물론, ‘1. 가족의 의미와 변화’ 내 소영역 ‘1) 가족구조의 변화’에 대해 제시하고 있지 않았다. 셋째, ‘Ⅲ. 인구’ 영역의 경우에는 다루는 내용의 불균형이 가장 많이 나타났다. 구체적으로 중영역 ‘1. 인구변동’과 ‘2. 저출산’에 대한 어떠한 언급이 나타나지 않았다. 또한 ‘3. 고령화’의 경우에는 단지 자료 유형은 본문 만 활용한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, ‘Ⅳ. 복지’ 영역의 경우에는 중영역 ‘1. 공적대비(제도 및 정책)’ 내 소영역 ‘1) 가족친화 정책’, ‘2) 고령친화 정책’과 함께 중영역 ‘2. 사적 대비(진로 및 생애 설계)’ 내 소영역‘1) 생애설계와 노후 준비’에 대한 언급이 본문’과 읽기자료’를 통해 제시되어 있었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 통해 ‘인간발달’ 과목은 특성화고 학생의 인간발달 기초에 대한 전반적인 이해와 이를 토대로 한 직업 세계에서의 발달 지향적 인간으로서의 관계 형성을 위한 교과임에도 불구하고 인구교육과 관련된 내용 영역 간 불균형이 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이를 제시하는 방식 역시 ‘본문’과 ‘읽기자료’라는 텍스트에 한정되어 있어 학습자의 다양한 자료 유형에 대한 경험이 제한될 우려가 있었다. 따라서 향후 교과서 집필 시, 관계 부처와의 협의를 통해서 인구교육과 관련된 내용의 불균형 문제 해결 및 이를 제시함에 있어서 다양한 자료 유형을 활용할 수 있는 방안을 마련할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 저출산·고령사회 대비를 위해서는 무엇보다 교사, 학생 더 나아가 국민의 인식 변화를 위해서는 학교 교육 내에서의 교육이 중요하다. 그러므로 이에 대한 학교에서부터의 교육이 중요하므로 교육을 위해 활용되는 교과서 집필에 많은 노력을 기울여야 하며, 이 연구는 이를 위한 하나의 방안을 제시할 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to draw an educational undertone of future population education through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of reflection level of population education in human development textbook of characterization high school developed 2009 revised curriculum. Analysis criteria of textbook is ‘The Content System of Population Education in School Adapting for Low Fertility and Aged Society’ of Yoon In-kyung(2015) consisting of 4 large sections, 10 middle sections, 23 small sections, and 71 components modifying and supplementing a content system in population education developed by Yoon In-kyung(2006). Study results gained through the analysis are as follows. First, in a section ‘Ⅰ. Respect for Man´s Life and Dignity’, a middle section ‘1. Human Rights’ dealt with all small sections, but a middle section ‘2. Equality’ did not deal with a small section ‘3) Minority Equality’ and also had insufficient reference of ‘2) Age Equality’. As material types, the body was used. Second, in a section ‘Ⅱ. Family’, a middle section ‘3. Childbirth and Nurture’ dealt with all small sections with various materials, but ‘1. The Variation in Meaning of Family’ and ‘2. Marriage’ used restrictive material types, and a small section ‘1) The Variation in Family Structure’ in ‘1. The Variation in Meaning of Family’ was not suggested. Third, ‘Ⅲ. Population’ had the most content balance. In a concrete form, there was no reference of middle sections such as ‘1. Population Change’ and ‘2. Low Fertility’. In addition, ‘3. Aging’ only used the body as material types. Fourth, in a section ‘Ⅳ. Welfare’, a small section ‘1) Life Design and Later Life Preparation’ in a middle section ‘2. Private Preparation(Career and Life Design’ with small sections such as ‘1) Family-friendly Policy’ and ‘2) Aging-friendly Policy’ in a middle section ‘1. Public Preparation(System and Policy)’ were suggested through ‘the body’ and ‘reading material’. Through these study results, although a subject ‘human development’ is a subject for the overall understanding of a base for human development of characterization high school students and for relationship building as a development-oriented person in the work world based on this, there is an imbalance between content sections related to population education. In addition, a method suggesting this is also limited to texts such as ‘the body’ and ‘reading material’, so it is concerned that learners’ experience of various material types can be restricted. Therefore, it is necessary to draw up a plan to use various material types in the solution of the imbalance problem and the suggestion of contents related to population education through consultation with the relevant authorities on writing textbook in the future. To adapt to low fertility and aging society, and above all things, to change recognition of teachers, students, and people, education in school education is important. Therefore, education from school of this is important, so a lot of effort should be put into writing used textbook, and it is expected that this study will suggest a plan for this.

2009년 인플루엔자 대유행 중 인플루엔자 진료소 방문자의 연령 분포 변화

김백남,곽이경,문치숙,김연숙,김의석,배인규,염준섭,이창섭,허지안 대한감염학회 2010 감염과 화학요법 Vol.42 No.2

The pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) virus, after being introduced in Korea in April, 2009, spread rapidly nationwide in mid-2009. This study was conducted to characterize trend in age distribution of visitors to Flu-clinics during the pandemic. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of visitors to flu clinic from Week 36 to 52 (August 30 to December 26) of 2009 were retrieved and collected from electronic databases at 9 hospitals. Visitors 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-29, 30-64, and 65 years or more of age were classified into group I to VI, respectively. A total of 107,467 visitors were seen at Flu-clinics for a 17-week study period. Of those, 32,485 were laboratory-confirmed. Antivirals were prescribed for 62,533 visitors. Numbers of visits, prescriptions of antivirals, and laboratory-confirmed cases of the pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) peaked at Week 44. A large number of visits by group II and III were followed by those of group I and V, especially around the peak. Numbers of visits by group VI were lowest in all hospitals. In some hospitals, higher number of visits lasted longer in children than in adults while vice versa in other hospitals depending on the location. In summary, the pandemic influenza (H1N1 2009) was presumed to peak in late October and involved majorly children and students in Korea. Unique age distribution of visitors to flu clinic was observed in some hospitals.

급성 SO_2중독이 임신흰쥐 및 태자간에 미치는 영향에 관한 조직화학적 연구

송인문,유진화,한갑수 慶熙大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

The purpose of present study was to clarify the effect of sulfur dioxide exposure on enzymatic activities of the liver in pregnant and fetal rats by histochemical method. Female pregnant rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) were used in this study. The animals were exposed to 50ppm SO_2 in gas. chamber for 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes and were sacrificed on 17 days, 19 days and full term of gestation period and fetal liver were taken. The changes of enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were observed by histochemical stainings. Significant data have been summarized as follows; 1. In the pregnant rat, 19th fetal rat and full term fetal rat, the enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposure group decreased in comparison with the control group. 2. In the pregnant rat, 19th fetal rat and full term fetal rat, the enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase of SO_2 exposure group increased in comparison with the control group. But alkaline phosphatase has showed a no significant changes in comparison with the control group. 3. In the 17th fetal rat, the changes of enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposed liver showed a mild positive activity as it was in the control group. However, acid phosphatase activities has showed a negative activity in the both group. 4. The enzymatic activities of cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase of SO_2 exposed liver showed a significant changes in the pregnant rat in comparison with the fetal rat.

一部 産業場 勤勞者의 建康狀態에 對한 調査硏究 : 産業看護師의 役割開發을 위하여

朴文熙,徐仁善 全北大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for industrial nurses to perform their duties effectively, by comprehending the health problem of the industrial workers. The study was undertaken from October 1 to December 30, 1989. The subjects were 495 workers of the textile industry and 999 workers of the machine industry in some industrial corps. The interrelationship between workers' general characteristics and their perceived symptoms, and between the factors relating with the kinds of job and their perceived symptoms was examined and analyzed according to the type of industry. The results were as follows : A. The difference of the degrees of perceived symptoms according to general characterisrics. The degrees of appealing for perceived symptoms according to : 1. age : the younger, the higher. 2. sexuality : female was higher than male. 3. marriage : unmarried were higher than married. 4. level of education : high school graduates were the highest in the machine industry, and middle school graduates were the highest in the textile industry. 5. residence : workers living in the dormitory were the highest. 6. mealtime : the more irregular was the mealtime the higher became the degree. 7. smoking : non-smokers were the highest. B. The difference of the degrees of perceived symptoms according to the kinds of job. The degrees of appealing for perceived symptoms according to : 1. job experience : workers of four-year experience were the highest in the machine industry, and those of two-year experience were the highest in the textile industry. 2. department : workers of assembling department were the highest in the machine industry, and those of packing department were the highest in the textile industry. 3. working-posture : 1) workers working at sitting posture were high in eye symptoms in the machine industry (P < 0.0001). 2) workers working at standing posture were high in musculo-skeletal symptoms in the textile industry(P < 0.01). 4. kinds of job : 1) workers working in the noisy environment were high in musculo-skeletal symptoms in the machine industry, and in neural and mental symptoms in the textile industry(P < 0.0001). 2) workers dealing with manual job and weighty things were high in musculo-skeletal symptoms both in the machine and in the textile industry. 3) workers working a long time with the same posture were high in neural and mental, musculoskeletal, and eye symptoms both in the machine and in the textile industry(P < 0.0001). 5. environment of working area : both in the machine and in the textile industry. 1) workers with illumination problem were high in eye symptoms(P < 0.005). 2) workers with ventilation problem were high in musculo-skeletal symptoms(P < 0.0001). 3) workers with natural lighting problem were high in integumentary symptoms. 6. satisfaction with their work : both in the machine and in the textile industry, the more dissatisfied with their work they were the higher became the degrees of their perceived symptoms. 7. satisfaction with their working condition : both in the machine and in the textile industry, the more dissatisfied with their working condition they were, the higher became the degrees of their perceived symptoms.

새마을運動의 實績ㆍ評價에 관한 硏究 : 忠北 丹陽地域 山間을 중심으로

任文淳,金仁謙,申大淳 건국대학교 1976 學術誌 Vol.20 No.1

1. Significance of "Saemaul undong,,. The saemaul undone is Korean type of the community development project that has undergone wide-spread success in developing countries throughout the world in recent years. "Saemaul undong, which is based on traditionally cooperative spirits among Koreans has been initiated and guide-lined by president Park of the Republic of Korea. In october 1970 the Saemaul pilot projects were conducted with emphasis on farm and fishery communities across the country by the Ministry of Home Affairs. With successful experiences from pilot projects, nationwide "Saemaul undong, was positively and actively tried by the Central "Saemaul undong,, coordination Board which is staffed with representative of appropriate Government agencies concerned in 1972. "Saemaul undong,, is, in brief, a movement for prosperous life in future. In other word, it is a voluntary effort of not only an individual or a group of people but the entire society for their common good. This nationwide movement should be spiritually based on diligence, self-help and cooperation of the participating individuals, groups or units so that they can try to achive better home, prosperous community and strong nation. In the implementation of "Saemaul undong, when any problem arises or exists, plan is made by villagers on a voluntary basis to solue such problems with their own resources and manpower. However, when necessary or the problem is beyond the villager's financial or technical capabilities, they are supported by the Government financially or technically. "Saemaul undong,, can be put into three main projects such as spiritual enlightenment, environmental improvements and income growth through increased production. Emphasis was placed on environmental improvement project untill 1973. From 1974 on, "income growth through increased production,, has been emphasized not only in rural areas but also in some of urban regions. Long-range plan of "Saemaul undong,, is as follows : A. "Saemaul undong,, is implemented at three different stages as listed below. (1) Stage I This stage may be called "Stage of foundation construction,,.(1971-1973) At this stage spirits of "saemaul undong,, are gradually encouraged to the participants through basic environment improvements or other easy projects. (2) Stage II-self-help and developing stage belongs to here (1974-1976). At this stage, production foundation is expanded, assisted with the accomplishment of the standard rural environment. (3) Stage III-"This stage can be expressed as Independent and completion stage,, (1977-1981). A total of 34,665 farm villages throughout the country will turn into the standard farm village through increased farm production and income from other sources. B. Each village is classified into one of the three different groups according to it's developmental level, namely underdeveloped villages, developing villages and developed villages, and each village is promoted to next developmental title, depending on progress of development. C. Each of 34,665 villages is classified into one of the following patterns, according to it's tophographic location or other conditions, deeply mountainous villages ; medium mountainous villages; plain villages; fishery villages; suburban villages Suitable development method are used according to its pattern. d. Considering that progect on a basis of a village unit is completed, a joint cooperative project is encouraged under the participation of several villages in a given area. "Saemaul undong,, which was ignited only five years ago, resulted in miraculous results which could not have been achieved for a few centuries in the past, changing farm villages as well as urban societies structurally and functionally. It has changed thought and way of living of the community residents, and remarkedly contributed to increase of the income and welfare of the people. 2. Achievements of Saemaul Undong During the five years, the number of participants in 34,665 villages and 35 cities has approxmated to 332 million. The total number of projects completed during this period reached 4,495,000. Furthmore, the total worth produced by this movement was 2.5 times as great as the total amount of the government assistance. The effects of Saemaul undong are as follows : 1) Improvement of Environment : The environmental betterment project has contributed to the development of enthusiasm and the sense of self-help. One of the remarkable things is that the basic establishments for the modernization of the country have been already made. Most of the rural areas have been electrified. Telephones are installed in many villages. Makeshift water supply systems which supply clean and sanitary water to the villagers have been installed. The transportation networks have been readjusted and extendeded rural areas, connecting through the highway. Such public establishments as storehouses, marketplaces, village assembly halls, public bathrooms, and public libraries have been established in the rural villages. 2) Increase in Income (1) The movement provided the strong basis for production and income-increase. The expansion of transportation networks including the construction of village and farm roads propelled both the improvement of transportation and marketing systems and the mechanization of farming ; the provision of irrigation farilities and the consolidation of farmlands improved the agricultural structure : the electrification and communication facilities of the rural villages enabled to extend the productive activities and flows of products. In the view of the increase in food production, Korea has experienced a revolution of "Tong-Il" variety species. Along with which, the government has supported various projects such as expansion of the base far agricultural production, mechanization of agricultural production, scientific methods of fertilization, farm technology, and top-soil improvement. As a result, the nation has achieved the historical record of rice production from 4.45 million tons in 1974 to 4.67 million tons in 1975. (2) The movement established the cooperative production system. (3) The movement employed the unemployed lobor in the rural region. Most of the unemployed people in the communities were mobilized to participate in a lot of saemaul projects and related income projects, particularly the wage-reinvesting projects and saemaul factories have greatly contributed to attracting the idle labor force. 3) Spiritual Enlightenment of the people. The philosophy of the Saemaul undone is based on the spirit of diligence, self·help, and cooperation. The new spiritual awakening of the people Financial inputs to "Saemaul Undong" ◁표 참조▷ p. 460 Table 2 Project Achievements of "Saemaul Undong" ◁표 참조▷ p. 461 have laid the spiritual basis for the renewal of the economic environment. The hearts of the people are stirring with enthusiasm and desire for the new economic environment. The basis for the modernization of the country has matured through the spiritual enlightenment. 3. Evaluation on achievements of Saemaul Undong(case study) In order to precisely evaluate and analyze achievements of "saemaul undong" sampling study for the entire nation is required. However it will be a attemped in the studs to be followed. In this study, deep mountainous villages, which are relatively adversely located, were selected as sample. They are seven villages located in the jurisdiction of choong song Puk to province, as shown below. ◁표 참조▷ p. 461 DANYANG Gun (county) of CHOONG PUK province occupies 10.6% of the province in size, and is mostly mountainous (83.7%) with arable land of 12.8%. Total farm house-hold is 64%, and remaining 36% is non-farmer. Data were collected through interviews with village chiefs and leaders during the period of 26-28 Jan 76. Evaluating criteria were put into the two main divisions, namely promising factors and project achievements, and the two were further, sub-divided for point, as follows ; 1) Promising factors : Resident's participation, planning, organization and operation, leaders and their leadership, operating funds 2) Project achievements : Improvement of the cultural environment, food production, income growth project, cooperative project, improvement of living conditions. (Table 3) Total ◁표 참조▷ p. 462 These evaluating factors differ from each other in importance, a different weight has been multiplied for each factor. Weight has been determined in order of importance expressed by the village leaders during the interviews. Summarized below are results of the investigatin : 1) Promising factors : Residents were willing to participate in, and adequate number of leader was working, Howeer, majority of villages are in short supply of operating funds. 2) Project achievements : Enviromental improvements were remarkable, but progresses in the fields of production and income were insgnificant. Overall points based on valuating factors are shown in the table below. Therefore, village funds will have to be accumulated, and also emphasis should be placed on increase of income.

國民學校 敎師 自然 및 算數科 再敎育의 分析的 硏究 : Based on the Choong Buk Province

黃秉德,梁仁煥,崔炳文,趙璇衡,朴根生 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.1 No.-

Our college has retrained many primary school teachers during 5 years is science, and during 4 years in case of mathematics. Many problems are found out in the process of retraining them in our school. This study is aimed to research the actual condition of the retraining and to find out the way to improvement from the problems. However, Our study will have some limitation as follows: (1) For our study, only 300 teachers are chosen from the total 1,869 attended at our college(Cheong Ju Teachers College) in 1976. (2) The administrational and financial affairs are analyzed only according to the Ministry of Education with UNICEF funds from 1972 to 1976, and (3) We didn't take any consideration of Ministry of Education Project in Suggesting the way of improvement. Following are some problems found in our study: 1) Throughout the nation, only 23% of primary school teachers were taught in science and mathematice reservice work during the 5 years, and it can be said that it takes about 20 years to retrained all the teachers without consideration of natural increase of teachers. 2) The proportion of selecting primary school teachers in all the country for this reservice training is extreme, for example, Jeju Province is 57.9%, Seoul 17.7%. 3) The proportion of woman teachers selected in Choong Buk primary school is only 3.5% of total woman teachers, who takes 32% of total Choong Buk primary teachers during 5 years. Therefore, it is said that the number is very little. 4) Some teachers have been reselected in the reservice training. In case of the Choong Buk Board of Education. the 6% of teachers selected once were reselected for 5 years. 5) When the test are enforced on attendants to get data before the reservice training. We could find that they didn't understand the basic concept of science except a grade under their charge. 6) In the process of inquiry study, they didn't know even the scientific terms of expectation and reasoning. 7) After 60 hours of reservice training course. We tested them about understanding of the contents of text, and their marks are from 10 to 100. the marks show large individual difference among them. 8) Some teachers may have neither teaching ability nor knowledge of the basic concept, that is 11.3% of total attendants are less than 30 marks in mathematics test. 9) It is too very large work to study reservice text during the 60 hours. 10) There are many difficult signs in the mathematics reservice text having no connection with the actual primary school mathematics text book. 11) In the reservice text of science, there are omitted the method of teaching materials production, the model of inquiry learning, and the evaluation method. 12) From the analysis of questionary response for finding the actual condition of administration of teaching materials, We could find out 15% of primary schools in Choong Buk Province do almost not prepare teaching materials, and 15% of its never put them to practical use. Therefore, We could say that total 30% of them have been teaching without teaching materials. 13) The 42% of attendants in mathematics class answer that they do not understand the new mathematical signs, and 42% of them answer the shortage of hours (60 hours) to understand their reservice text book. 14) The 25% of them answer that they teach children with cramming education, and almost of them want good teachers guide books. As mentioned above, there are found many problems to be solved for reservice training of science education in our country. Some of them will be solved in our study. So We find out its and We suggest the ways solving the problems as follows: A. On the administration of reservice training. 1) The reservice training work for primary school teachers is very significant and will have to be continued. 2) It will be done in not only summer vacation but also winter one for finishing immediatly all over the country. 3) The 60 hours of science reservice training course work are very short, and the classmember of attendants will be regulated. 4) The funds for reservice operation and travelling expenses for attendants will be realized. B. On selecting the attendants 1) When the attendants are selected, there will be consideration of age, rank, term of their service, sex and academic background. 2) as far as possible, it will be selected as homogeous groups, and it will be effective to teach them with division between class teacher and nonclass teacher. 3) When select attendants are it will be taken consideration of balance between city and province for the diffusion effect and parallel development in reservice training work. 4) It must give a chance to woman as same as to man teacher according to a rule of equal select chance. 5) The principal, instructor and school inspector will be reeducated for fixing of science curriculum. C. On reservice training text book 1) The text book must reedit moderatly for 60 hours, or the time of retraining for the text book finished will be extented. In our opinion, it is to be desired that the time have to be added. 2) The difficult signs must be omitted, taking into account for the mathematics knowledge and time of education period. 3) In the science reservice training text book, it must supplement the tack for framming of inquiry teaching plan, the method for making teaching materials, and the skill for replacing of teaching materials. D. For the curriculum management of science. 1) The Governmental Company must settle the shortage of science teaching materials in primary school. 2) For the charge of the old state of teaching method, the teachers must devote themselves to teach children without miscellaneous duties. 3) The authorities concerned (for example, Ministry of Education, Teachers College, etc.) must make guide books for science teachers, and supply them to primary school teachers. 4) It must be given the chance of long period reeducation to the incompetent primary school teachers, and problem will have to be studied under the situation of educational administration.

종합병원 간호사의 밤번 근무에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

박혜자,유인영,이영미,정문희 한국보건통계학회 2003 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.28 No.1

This study is conducted to find influencing factors on unrse's night shift works. From 20th July to 20th August, the survey was performed in a general hospital located at Kyunggi-do area, by the use of questionnaire. Collected 204 data were analysed through SPSS/Win 11.0. Results are as follows: 1. It was shown that night shifting word periods in special ward is longer than that in general ward. Exactly, shifting periods of night nurse work is 28.7days, 16.7days in special and general ward, individually. But numbers of night nurse worker are 3.4 and 2.48 persons in special and general ward, individually. And there were more patients in general wards than that in special ward. Namely, 54.3 patients in general ward and 19.3 patients in special ward. And off duty days and overtime on average in general ward were more much than that in special ward. The preference about night nurse works, the general ward was higher than that in general wards. In case of avoiding the night nurse work, the reasons that were mental stress. excess of duty, the burdens on work by oneself in general wards were shown much more frequency than that in special ward. 2. Physical-mental, social conditon of nurse worker's health in special wards were better than that in general wards. The stress level of nurse workers in general ward was higher than that in special ward. The factors of the influence on the preference on social-mental conditions of health were number of off duty days on average per month, number of night nurse working, and income of all family. Therefore, theses results were shown that the stress of nurses in general ward was much more than that in special ward. And the preference on night nurse work in general ward was lower than that in special ward. Accordingly, It was shown that the policy for support were need. The nurse administrator have to prepare complementary systems in organized level, to develop the positive recognition about night nurse work. For example have to reduce the dissatisfaction with systematic improvement, in other words control of off duty bonus, reasonable overtime and night nurse work bonus, and night working periods, and with control nursing human power and policy for reduction of overstres according working conditions and characters of business in various types of ward.