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Moon, Minkyu,Kang, Kyu-Suk,Park, Il-Kwon,Kim, Taekyu,Kim, Hyun Seok 한국응용생명화학회 2015 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.58 No.4
The leaf nitrogen (N) content ($N_L$) and its allocation are major factors that determine the photosynthetic characteristics and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) of tree species. In this study, we investigated the allocation of $N_L$ to the photosynthetic apparatus ($N_P$) and its effects on the photosynthetic characteristics and PNUE of three tropical tree species (Magnolia montana Blume, Swietenia macrophylla King, and Acacia mangium Willd), which were grown in western Java, Indonesia. A. mangium (the only N-fixing species among three studied species) exhibited a greater $N_L$ and $N_P$ than other two species, resulting in higher capacities of photosynthetic parameters such as the light-saturated photosynthetic rate ($P_{max}$), maximum carboxylation rate ($V_{Cmax}$), and maximum electronic transport rate ($J_{max}$). However, S. macrophylla and A. mangium displayed a similar fraction of leaf N allocated to $N_P$ ($N_P/N_L$) and showed a higher $N_P/N_L$ ratio than M. montana. Accordingly, S. macrophylla presented a higher PNUE than M. montana. Although A. mangium exhibited a similar PNUE to S. macrophylla, A. mangium showed a higher $N_L$ than the other two species, which resulted in a lower PNUE at a given $N_P$. In addition, stomatal conductance was positively correlated with PNUE, but the slopes of the correlations between species presented a negative relationship with the leaf mass per area (LMA), which caused a longer pathway to the photosynthetic apparatus. Our results suggested that the variation of PNUE between species was affected by various factors, including the fraction of $N_L$ allocated to $N_P$ and morphological characteristics such as LMA.
단일 높이에서 관측된 저장 플럭스를 사용할 때 발생하는 논의 이산화탄소, 수증기, 현열의 순생태계교환량 오차
문민규 ( Minkyu Moon ),강민석 ( Minseok Kang ),빈두말라타쿠리 ( Bindu Malla Thakuri ),이정훈 ( Jung Hoon Lee ) 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.3
에디 공분산 방법(eddy covariance method)을 이용한 이산화탄소(CO2), 수증기(H2O), 현열(sensible heat)의 순생태계과환량[net ecosystem exchange (NEE)]은 에디플럭스(eddy flux, FC)와 저장 플럭스(storage flux, FS) 의 합으로 어림한다. 스칼라의 흡원과 발원의 세기와분포, 연직 난류 혼합의 정도에 따라 스칼라의 변화율은 높이에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 정확한 FS를 얻기 위해서는 프로파일 시스템을 운용하여 높이에 따라 달라지는 스칼라의 변화율을 고려하여야한다. 하지만 아시아의 대부분의 농경지 관측지에서는 프로파일 시스템을 운용하지 않고, FC 관측 지점과 지면 사이에서 높이와 관계없이 스칼라 변화율이 동일하다는 가정하에 에디 공분산 시스템에서 관측되는 스칼라 변화율 만으로 FS를 산정한다. 본 연구에서는 논에서 에디 공분산 관측 높이에서 측정된 FS(프로파일 시스템에서 관측된 단일 높이의 스칼라만을 이용한 FS, FS_single)와 프로파일 관측(에디 공분산 관측 지점과 지면 사이의 여러 높이에서 스칼라 관측)을 이용한 FS와의 차이를 정량화하고, FS_single로 NEE를 산정할 때 발생하는 오차를 확인하기 위해, 경기도 여주에 위치한 청미천 농경지 플럭스 관측지 (Chengmicheon Farmland Korea, CFK)에서 에디공분산 방법과 프로파일 시스템을 이용해 CO2, H2O, 기온(Ta)의 FC와 FS를 측정하였다. CO2, H2O, Ta는 흡원과 발원의 강도와 분포, 대기 경계층의 안정도에 따라 높이별로 변화율이 달랐고, 그 결과 FS_single은 FS를 과소 또는 과대 평가하였다[특히, 해질 녘과 해 뜰 녘(0430-0800h와 1630-2000h)에 CO2의 FS를 평균 21% 과소평가]. FS_single로 인해 발생하는 NEE 계산의 오차는 FCO2의 경우, 하루 중시간에 따라 밤(2030-0400h), 해 질 녘과 해 뜰 녘에 각각 평균적으로 3%, 2%씩 FCO2 를 과소평가했다. 이러한 차이는 FCO2 의 야간 자료 보정과 분배의 과정에서 논의 탄소수지를 과소평가하게 할 수 있다. 이와는 다르게 LE, H의 경우 시간에 관계없이 거의 차이를 보이지 않았다. Using eddy covariance method, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 (FCO2), H2O (LE), and sensible heat (H) can be approximated as the sum of eddy flux (FC) and storage flux term (FS). Depending on strength and distribution of sink/source of scalars and magnitude of vertical turbulence mixing, the rates of changes in scalars are different with height. In order to calculate FS accurately, the differences should be considered using scalar profile measurement. However, most of flux sites for agricultural lands in Asia do not operate profile system and estimate FS using single-level scalars from eddy covariance system under the assumption that the rates of changes in scalars are constant regardless of the height. In this study, we measured FC and FS of CO2, H2O, and air temperature (Ta) using eddy covariance and profile system (i.e., the multi-level measurement system in scalars from eddy covariance measurement height to the land surface) at the Chengmicheon farmland site in Korea (CFK) in order to quantify the differences between FS calculated by single-level measurements (FS_single i.e., FS from scalars measured by profile system only at eddy covariance system measurement height) and FS calculated by profile measurements and verify the errors of NEE caused by FS_single. The rate of change in CO2, H2O, and Ta were varied with height depending on the magnitudes and distribution of sink and source and the stability in the atmospheric boundary layer. Thus, FS_single underestimated or overestimated FS (especially 21% underestimation in FS of CO2 around sunrise and sunset (0430-0800 h and 1630-2000 h)). For F CO2, the errors in FS_single generated 3% and 2% underestimation of FCO2 during nighttime (2030-0400 h) and around sunrise and sunset, respectively. In the process of nighttime correction and partitioning of F CO2, these differences would cause an underestimation in carbon balance at the rice paddy. In contrast, there were little differences at the errors in LE and H caused by the error in FS_single, irrespective of time. Key words: Eddy covariance, Storage flux, Net ecosystem exchange, Rice
Moon, Hyo-Bang,Lee, Duk-Hee,Lee, Yoon Soon,Choi, Minkyu,Choi, Hee-Gu,Kannan, Kurunthachalam Springer-Verlag 2012 Archives of environmental contamination and toxico Vol.62 No.1
<P>Studies on residue levels and accumulation profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human adipose tissues of Korean populations are scarce. In this study, concentrations and accumulation features of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in adipose tissues of Korean women age 40-68?years. The highest concentrations were found for PCBs and DDTs, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes, chlordanes, and PBDEs. The concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were lower than those reported for other countries. However, PBDE concentrations were greater than those reported for other countries, suggesting that ongoing exposure to PBDEs is a concern in Korea. The profiles of PBDEs were characterized by the predominance of BDE 209, followed by nona- and octa-BDEs, which are consistent with the consumption patterns of products containing PBDEs in Korea. The concentrations of PCBs and some OCPs were significantly correlated with each other, whereas PBDEs showed low or moderate correlations with other POPs, suggesting differences in exposure routes and biotransformation potentials of the compounds studied. The concentrations of organochlorines and PBDEs were not correlated with subjects' age and body mass index. The results of this study provide baseline information on POPs in adipose tissues of the general population in Korea.</P>
A 6-bit 1GSPS Folding CMOS A/D Converter For a High Speed Communication Systems
Junho Moon,Dubok Lee,Seungjin Yeo,Minkyu Song 대한전자공학회 2008 ICEIC:International Conference on Electronics, Inf Vol.1 No.1
In this paper, a CMOS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications with a 6-bit 1GSPS at 1.8V is described. The architecture of the proposed ADC is based on a fully folded ADC using resistive interpolation technique for low power consumption. To reduce the power consumption, a folder reduction technique to decrease the number of folding blocks (NFB) is proposed. Further, a novel layout technique is introduced for compact area. With the clock speed of 1㎓, the ADC achieves an effective resolution bandwidth (ERBW) of 200㎒, while consuming only 60㎽ of power. The measured INL and DNL are within ±0.7LSB, ±0.5LSB, respectively. The measured SNDR is 33.64㏈, when fin=100㎒ at Fs=1㎓. The active chip occupies an area of 0.27㎟ in 0.18㎛ CMOS technology.
Butyltin contamination in industrialized bays associated with intensive marine activities in Korea.
Choi, Minkyu,Moon, Hyo-Bang,Yu, Jun,Eom, Ji-Yeong,Choi, Hee-Gu Springer-Verlag 2009 Archives of environmental contamination and toxico Vol.57 No.1
<P>Marine sediments and gastropod, Thais clavigera, were collected from industrialized areas and major harbors in Korea, to assess contamination sources and ecological risk to marine organisms by butyltin compounds such as tributyltin (TBT). TBT concentrations in sediments ranged from <LOD to 5372 ng Sn/g dry weight, and were comparable to or higher than concentrations in big harbors of other countries. The highest TBT concentrations were found in sediments close to shipyards in surveyed bays, suggesting that shipyard activities are a major contamination source of butyltins in Korean coastal waters. About half of the sediments showed potential risk of exceeding the guidelines and values proposed in in vivo studies. The occurrence of imposex in T. clavigera was 100% at all locations, indicating that the present levels of TBT contamination in industrialized bays in Korea are at concentrations reported to induce toxic effects on marine organisms, despite TBT's having been legally banned in Korea.</P>