Ke struktuře sémantického celku v onomaziologicky koncipovaném popisu mluvnice češtiny jako cizího jazyka

Milan Hrdlička 한국슬라브어학회 2022 슬라브어연구 Vol.27 No.1

Semasiology traditionally plays key role in grammar descriptions. Its monopoly is given by the fact that the meaning (function) of grammar categories and phenomena is (in general) clear to native speakers. The Czechs find it usually hard to learn codified forms of standard Czech. Another factor is that grammar forms seem to be unequivocal, concrete and easy to grasp and describe from semasiological perspective. The onomasiological approach seems to be very inspiring. It is based on the common elements (meanings, contents, communication functions of an utterance) as well as distinctive elements (various morphosyntactic forms) of individual languages. It describes competitive forms of expressing a certain grammar meaning or function. From the perspective of teaching languages, it is advisable to proceed from the features that languages have in common to the distinctive features of individual languages. The presentation of competitive way of expressing a certain meaning or communication function of un utterance belongs to obvious advantages of the onomasiological approach to grammar. The preparation of an onomasiological description of grammar categories and phenomena is highly demanding because they are not equally suitable for such description. It is easier to describe grammar categories and phenomana that have real ground in objective reality (place, time, possession, quantity, causality, etc.). In the opposite case, this can be complicated (e. g. semantic-poor system of Czech cases). In case of a highly inflective language, such as Czech, this approach is, however, complicated. The text addresses universal semantic fields (their nature and number) and focuses on the character and structure of the unit describing prepositional phrases with referring to locations (ADV Loc).

Kontury češtiny a rezistence jejích rovin v kontaktu s jazykem (ne)příbuzným: kauza Střelínsko

Milan Hrdlička 한국슬라브어학회 2020 슬라브어연구 Vol.25 No.2

Systematically demarcating the language contours of a specific nation has been considered as one of the important fields related with language contact. It seems, however, that this matter has not been extensively discussed yet in terms of Czech national language. Recently, it is one of the crucial topics of Czech sociolinguistics. The question of the Czech language contour is critical to specify whether its abroad variants, such as, American Czech, Ukrainian Czech, Viennese Czech and Banat Czech etc., belong to this complex. With this perspective, this thesis specifically focuses on the problem of language contact between Czech and Polish. Czech and Polish are connected by a common destiny as well as by numerous language means. The consequences of the Czech language contact with German and Polish have been analyzed in this study. In regards to the resistance of the individual levels of Czech as a minority language under these two majority languages, I propose a hypothesis that the immunity of Czech language depends on the degree of typological similarity and genealogical affinity of language systems. We have found the least resistance of Czech in the vocabulary, while Czech morphology most resistant to Polish majority in Střelínsko.

K prezentaci skloňování číslovek ve vybraných českých gramatikách

Milan Hrdlička 한국슬라브어학회 2011 슬라브어연구 Vol.16 No.1

Skloňování českých číslovek patří mezi mimořádně obtížné kapitoly formální morfologie současného českého jazyka. Je známou skutečností, že problémy se spisovnou deklinací českých numerálií mají vedle zahraničních bohemistů také mnozí rodilí mluvčí. Ptáme-li se po příčinách současné neutěšené situace, je třeba zmínit několik různorodých faktorů a jejich různě závažný podíl na ní.

K akvizičním strategiím v učebnicích češtiny pro cizince

Milan Hrdlička 한국슬라브어학회 2023 슬라브어연구 Vol.28 No.1

The quality of teaching material has a significant role in the process of acquiring a foreign language. It can serve to facilitate, strengthen, and accelerate the process. The pace of acquisition of Czech as a foreign language is influenced by the degree of typological and genealogical differences between Czech and the foreigner's mother tongue. The advantage of the learners´ Slavic mother tongue is most evident at the beginning of the study (A0 – A2); subsequently, it gradually decreases. The basic problems in the presentation of Czech grammar include formalism, i.e., a strong focus on grammatical forms, but not on their meanings and functions in communication. We also consider the unbalanced attention to morphology (which predominates) and syntax (which lags behind) to be unsatisfactory. We have objections on the hybrid mixing of linguistic means within standard Czech (i.e. among the literary, neutral, and colloquial layers). The lack of an explicitly formulated concept on the basis of which the Czech grammar is presented (e.g. on the basis of frequency, communicative importance, formal difficulty of the learning material, etc.) is also undesirable. As far as the key chapters of the Czech vocabulary are concerned, the prevailing separate presentation of verb classes, more frequent discussion of the simple past tense before the future tense, the gradual presentation of cases (and not entire paradigms), as well as the dominance of deduction, prescription and semasiology are notable in the textbooks. We consider improving the instruction about the speech dimension and increasing focus on onomasiology as crucial.

체코어 전치사 설명 및 용법

밀란 흐르들리츠까(Milan Hrdlička) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 동유럽·발칸연구소 2016 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.40 No.6

체코어 전치사는 외국인 학습자들에게 매우 까다롭다. 이에는 방대한 양의 전치사들, 많은 의미 단위들, 다양한 전치사 형식의 유효성, 모국어 간섭 등과 같은 언어적 요소들뿐만 아니라, 특정 단어 품사에 대한 불충분한 고려와 의미 및 기능적 측면이 아닌 특정한 격과 연결된 형식적 측면에 설명의 초점이 맞춰진 언어교수법적 요소들까지 한몫을 한다. 다른 언어 사용자들에게 전치사에 대한 설명과 프레젠테 이션을 진행하는 것은 체코어 격변화법과 깊은 연관이있다. 외국인 학습자를 위한 체코어 교재에는 하나의 격을 배울 때마다 그 격에 딸린 전치사들을 차례대로 학습해나가는 수평적 방법이 만연하지만, 이는 전치사와 격 사이의 구조에만 중점을 둘 뿐, 그 의미는 고려하지 않으므로 최적의 방법이라고 볼 수 없다. 최소한 슬라브권 학생들에 게만큼은 수직적 접근이 더 적합한데, 이는 체코어 전치사를 의미 단위(공간적, 시간적 의미등)로 설명할 수 있도록 체코어 어형 변화표 전체를 보여주는 것이다. 전치사를 설명 하는 것에 있어서는 명의론적 접근이 우선된 후, 적합한 전치사를 선택하는 방법을 분석하는 것이 그 뒤를 이어야 한다. Czech prepositions are very difficult for foreigners. The factors causing this difficulty are of language nature, for example a high number of prepositions, many semantic units, diverse style distribution of prepositions, interferences, etc., and also of linguodidactic nature, especially not paying enough attention to this part of speech and presenting it mainly or uniquely from the formal point of view (being connected to a certain case), rather than concentrating on the semantics and function of prepositions. The introduction to Czech prepositions and their presentation to foreign speakers is closely connected to presentation of Czech declension system. In teaching materials for foreigners, the horizontal approach prevails: that is presenting Czech cases one by one, together with the prepositions connected to the individual cases. This approach is not optimal in our view because it mainly gives consideration to the preposition being connected with a case, but not to its meaning. A more appropriate way, according to our belief, it the application of vertical approach, at least for Slavs: that means preparing whole declension paradigms that would allow to present Czech prepositions in semantic units (prepositions with spacial or temporal meaning, etc.). It is needed to implement onomasiological approach and further analyse relevant factors that play a role in choosing a preposition.

Stratifikace ?esk?ho n?rodn?ho jazyka a jej? odraz ve v?uce zahrani?n?ch bohemist?

Milan Hrdlička 한국슬라브어학회 2005 슬라브어연구 Vol.10 No.-