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Hysteresis and fast timescales in transport relations of toroidal plasmas
Itoh, K.,Itoh, S.-I.,Ida, K.,Inagaki, S.,Kamada, Y.,Kamiya, K.,Dong, J.Q.,Hidalgo, C.,Evans, T.,Ko, W.H.,Park, H.,Tokuzawa, T.,Kubo, S.,Kobayashi, T.,Kosuga, Y.,Sasaki, M.,Yun, G.S.,Song, S.D.,Kasuya, International Atomic Energy Agency 2017 Nuclear fusion Vol.57 No.10
<P>This article assesses current understanding of hysteresis in transport relations, and its impact on the field. The rapid changes of fluxes compared to slow changes of plasma parameters are overviewed for both core and edge plasmas. The modulation ECH experiment is explained, in which the heating power cycles on-and-off periodically, revealing hysteresis and fast changes in the gradient–flux relation. The key finding is that hystereses were observed simultaneously in both the the gradient–flux and gradient–fluctuation relations. Hysteresis with rapid timescale exists in the channels of energy, electron and impurity densities, and plausibly in momentum. Advanced methods of data analysis are explained. Transport hysteresis can be studied by observing the higher harmonics of temperature perturbation <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\delta T_{\rm m}$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102021/nfaa796aieqn001.gif'/> in heating modulation experiments. The hysteresis introduces the term <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\delta T_{\rm m}$ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102021/nfaa796aieqn002.gif'/>, which depends on the harmonic number <I>m</I> in an algebraic manner (not exponential decay). Next, the causes of hysteresis and its fast timescale are discussed. The nonlocal-in-space coupling works here, but does not suffice. One mechanism for ‘the heating heats turbulence’ is that the external source <I>S</I> in phase space for heating has its fluctuation in turbulent plasma. This coupling can induce the direct input of heating power into fluctuations. The height of the jump in transport hysteresis is smaller for heavier hydrogen isotopes, and could be one of the origins of isotope effects on confinement. Finally, the impacts of transport hysteresis on the control system are assessed. Control systems must be designed so as to protect the system from sudden plasma loss.</P>
Z - R relation for snowfall using small Doppler radar and high sensitive snow gauges
M. Kubo,A. Sougen,K. Muramoto,Y. Fujiyoshi 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
Snowfall data was simultaneously recorded by a weather radar, two high sensitive snow gauges and an imaging system with high accuracy at short time intervals. The snowfall rate R was measured with two gauges and radar reflectivity factor Z was measured using a small bistatic X-band Doppler radar. The images of falling snow particles were used to obtain size and related parameters. Since all the measurements were located in a small area, it can be said that the obtained reference data corresponds well to radar data, and it is possible to analyze snowfall rate variations in sufficient detail for practical purposes. Snowfall was observed in Kanazawa, Japan, in the winter of 2009. A total of 22 snowfall events was extracted for type of snowflake or graupel, varying in duration from 4 to 31 minutes. These were then treated separately to calculate the coefficients of Z - R relation. The observations suggest that parameters of snow particle properties are useful to understand radar measurement.
Visualization of water vapor distribution in the lower atmosphere using two lidars
M. Kubo,K. Nakamura,K. Muramoto,T. Ohigashi,T. Shinoda,Y.Fujiyoshi 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
Water vapor distribution in the lower atmosphere was observed using two optical lidars (ceilometer) set up at the distance of 3.1 km. Range height indicator (RHI) display was constructed from two time series data measured by each lidar. The instruments were also included small vertical radar and snowfall gauge. All the data were displayed on the same coordinate system to compare the profiles with time synchronization. To examine horizontal distribution of water vapor (cloud) widely, conventional weather radar was also used. Combination of all these instruments and methods will be potent system for understanding lower atmospheric structure.
Shape classification of snow particle into snowflake and graupel using image processing
M. Kubo,K. Seto,K. Muramoto,Y. Fujiyoshi,T. Shinoda,T. Ohigashi 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
Classification of snowflakes is important in the investigation of the growth process of snow particles and radar meteorology, etc. This paper proposes an automatic image processing method for classification of falling snow particles. A side view of natural falling snow particles was photographed by IEEE1394 camera (1280 × 960 pixel) with a shutter speed of 1/10000 s. To obtain shape parameters, both a binary and a gray-level image of each particle were recorded continuously. Each particle was classified into a graupel or a snowflake by statistical classification procedure using image features. The proposed method has been successfully tested in snowfall, obtaining the percentages of snowflakes and graupels at 1 min interval.
Extension of the operational regime of the LHD towards a deuterium experiment
Takeiri, Y.,Morisaki, T.,Osakabe, M.,Yokoyama, M.,Sakakibara, S.,Takahashi, H.,Nakamura, Y.,Oishi, T.,Motojima, G.,Murakami, S.,Ito, K.,Ejiri, A.,Imagawa, S.,Inagaki, S.,Isobe, M.,Kubo, S.,Masamune, S IOP 2017 Nuclear fusion. Fusion nucléaire. &n.Illiga Vol.57 No.10
<P>As the finalization of a hydrogen experiment towards the deuterium phase, the exploration of the best performance of hydrogen plasma was intensively performed in the large helical device. High ion and electron temperatures, <I>T</I> <SUB>i</SUB> and <I>T</I> <SUB>e</SUB>, of more than 6 keV were simultaneously achieved by superimposing high-power electron cyclotron resonance heating onneutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasma. Although flattening of the ion temperature profile in the core region was observed during the discharges, one could avoid degradation by increasing the electron density. Another key parameter to present plasma performance is an averaged beta value <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\left\langle \beta \right\rangle $ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102023/nfaa7fc2ieqn001.gif'/>. The high <img ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='$\left\langle \beta \right\rangle $ ' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0029-5515/57/10/102023/nfaa7fc2ieqn002.gif'/> regime around 4% was extended to an order of magnitude lower than the earlier collisional regime. Impurity behaviour in hydrogen discharges with NBI heating was also classified with a wide range of edge plasma parameters. The existence of a no impurity accumulation regime, where the high performance plasma is maintained with high power heating >10 MW, was identified. Wide parameter scan experiments suggest that the toroidal rotation and the turbulence are the candidates for expelling impurities from the core region.</P>
Genome-wide association study of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis in Korean children
Kim, K.W.,Myers, R.A.,Lee, J.H.,Igartua, C.,Lee, K.E.,Kim, Y.H.,Kim, E.J.,Yoon, D.,Lee, J.S.,Hirota, T.,Tamari, M.,Takahashi, A.,Kubo, M.,Choi, J.M.,Kim, K.E.,Nicolae, D.L.,Ober, C.,Sohn, M.H. Mosby 2015 The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Vol.136 No.3
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory skin disease. Most AD during infancy resolves during childhood, but moderate-to-severe AD with allergic sensitization is more likely to persist into adulthood and more often occurs with other allergic diseases. Objective: We sought to find susceptibility loci by performing the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of AD in Korean children with recalcitrant AD, which was defined as moderate-to-severe AD with allergic sensitization. Methods: Our study included 246 children with recalcitrant AD and 551 adult control subjects with a negative history of both allergic disease and allergic sensitization. DNA from these subjects was genotyped; sets of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were imputed and used in the GWAS after quality control checks. Results: SNPs at a region on 13q21.31 were associated with recalcitrant AD at a genome-wide threshold of significance (P < 2.0 x 10<SUP>-8</SUP>). These associated SNPs are more than 1 Mb from the closest gene, protocadherin (PCDH)9. SNPs at 4 additional loci had P values of less than 1 x 10<SUP>-6</SUP>, including SNPs at or near the neuroblastoma amplified sequence (NBAS; 2p24.3), thymus-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS; 6q22.33), GATA3 (10p14), and S-phase cyclin A-associated protein in the ER (SCAPER; 15q24.3) genes. Further analysis of total serum IgE levels suggested 13q21.31 might be primarily an IgE locus, and analyses of published data demonstrated that SNPs at the 15q24.3 region are expression quantitative trait loci for 2 nearby genes, ISL2 and proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein 1 (PSTPIP1), in immune cells. Conclusion: Our GWAS of recalcitrant AD identified new susceptibility regions containing genes involved in epithelial cell function and immune dysregulation, 2 key features of AD, and potentially extend our understanding of their role in pathogenesis.