독립 후(1965-1978) 알제리의 언어.교육정책

임기대(LlM Gi-Dae) 프랑스학회 2010 프랑스학연구 Vol.52 No.-

Dans le caclre du Maghreb, l’originalité de l’Algérie tient dans les traumatismes de la colonisation de peuplement et de la guerre d’indépendance qui fut aussi une guerre civile. Dès la fin de la guerre d’Algérie, l’Arrnée de libération nationale prend le pouvoir. L’oligarchie qui en émane a joué un rôle déterminant dans le devenir linguistique du pays. Le nouvel État poursuit le processus de décolonisation, avec une volonté de refonte et d’unification de la nation algéIienne il choisit l’Islam pour religion et l’arabe pour langue il s’emploie à effacer la dépendance cul turelle vis- à- vis de l’anclenne puissance coloniale Le colonel Houari Boum어iène, amené au pouvoir par un coup d’Etat en 1965, lance les premières campagnes d’ arabisation elles ont pour but de poursuivre la lutte anticapitaliste et de soutenir la construction d’un Etat islarnique sur la base du sociaJisme. La langue qui s’llllpose n’est pas le dialecte algérien mais l’arabe coranique. L’arabisation a d’abord logiquement commencé par le système scolaire, puis par l’administration (obligation pour les fonctionnaires de connaitre l’arabe dit classique) et les médias Pour remédier aux manques d’enseignants, l' Algérie a fait appel aux pays arnis, notarnnlent I'Egypte, la Syrie et l’Irak. Ceux- ci ont expedié en masse des instituteurs militants, souvent proches des << Frères musulmans >>. C'est sous leur influence que la leunesse algérienne a pu s' irnprégner des valeurs islarniques en se préoccupant, de manière secondaire, d’accroitre le niveau de connaissance et les savoirs des apprenants. Ces enseignants étrangers étaient connus pour peu comprendre le dialecte algérien. La politique linguistique d’arabisation a aussi suscite de profondes tensions dans la popuJation. En particulier les Berbères, dont la langue ne se rattache pas à l’arabe, s’opposèrent le plus à l' arabisation Oa Kabylie était aussi la plus ancienne région d’émigration vers la France). Leur résistance s ’exprima dans l’usage exclusif du berbère et du français dans tous les lieux publics, comme les cafés, les hôtels, les restaurants et les bureaux ad.ministratifs. Une autre hostilité vint des milieux intellectuels francophones qui, pour beaucoup, quittèrent le pays pour rejoindre la France et le Canada. Aujourd’hui, J'idée est répandue que l’arabisation du pays, voulue par le président Boumediène, a été contreproductive pour le développement de l’Algérie. La politique a été un outil idéologique au service de son maintien au pouvoir, sans réflexion sur l’histoire ethnique et culturelle, et surtout, sans même avoir de véritable dynarnique pédagogique. L’identité arabo berbère de l’Algérie implique une réflexion sur un champ de connaissance plus réduit que celui de la civilis ation islarnique dans son acception la plus large. Cette réflexion our l’état de l’arabisation implique une double approche pedagogique et cuJturelle de l’lústoire linguistique du pays.

Restorative Justice Policies & Programs

Daniel W. Van Ness, LLM 한국교정학회 2007 矯正硏究 Vol.- No.37

Restorative justice has the potential to significantly influence criminal justicepolicy, but only if understood as a policy alternative and not merely as a program. This means adopting a definition that lends itself to use in guiding public policy and to measuring the relative "restorativeness" of that policy as well as of practices or program. There are compelling reasons to adopt restorative justice as criminal justice policy, and lessons can be learned from the experiences of three countries that have, to varying degrees, adopted a restorative criminal justice policy. While legislation can entrench restorative justice, there are important reasons not to begin with legislation. The paper concludes with suggestions for countries considering use of restorative justice.

가상 에너지 생산 및 공급 시설을 위한 멀티모달 기반 고장예지에 관한 연구

임채영(Chae-Young Llm),여채은(Chae Eun Yeo),김동주(Dongju Kim),성호진(Ho-Jin Sung),구재희(Jae-Hoi Gu) 한국열환경공학회 2021 한국열환경공학회 학술대회지 Vol.2021 No.-

반복함수를 이용한 프랙탈 영상 압축의 최적 분할에 관한 연구

양종현,임재복,정재영 광주대학교 1997 産業技術硏究 Vol.9 No.-

본 연구는 프랙탈 영상 압축[1]을 위한 효과적인 분할 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 원 영상을 일정한 작은 크기의 치역(Range Block)과 분할된 치역의 2배 이상 크기를 가진 정의역(Domain Block)으로 분할한다. 여기에서 정의역과 치역으로 구성된 분할 형태를 이용하는 프랙탈 영상 압축은 작은 사각 블록들의 집합으로 구성되어 진다[2]. 서로 연결된 사각 블록들의 집합은 프랙탈 부호를 가지는 이웃하는 분할(Partition)들로 연결되어 있으며, 이러한 블록들로부터 임의의 서로 이웃한 블록을 제외한 정의역 블록과 치역 블록을 적당한 기준에 의해서 선택한다. 선택된 블록은 다시 사각트리(quad tree) 분할 비교를 행함으로써 최적 분할에 접근이 인정될 수 있음을 보여준다. This paper introduces efficient partitionning methode in fractal image compression. Before, Original image is devide into regular size called the Range block and A domain block size is double of range block. Here domain and range block consist of a collection for small size partition using fractal image compression. Each connected sets of small square image blocks, of which is a neighbor partitioning with a fractal code. They are selected for which except random neighoboring domain and range block on a fitness criterion. This approach showed as compared to quad tree partition.

Do the Technostress Creators Predict Job Satisfaction and Teacher Efficacy of Primary School Teachers in Korea?

( Mignon Lee ),( Kyu Yon Llm ) 한국교육공학회 2020 Educational Technology International Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this research is to analyze the predictive powers of the five technostress creators - techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity, and techno-uncertainty - in job satisfaction and teacher efficacy of primary school teachers in Korea when they incorporated mobile technology into teaching. A questionnaire was designed to measure the level of teacher’s stress from technology, job satisfaction and teacher efficacy. Data were collected from 164 teachers. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to explain which area of technostress led to varying degrees of job satisfaction and teacher efficacy. The results showed that techno-complexity alone predicted both job satisfaction and teacher efficacy. The reason why techno-complexity was the only predictor is that teachers would have first needed to understand how to incorporate mobile technology into teaching, before feeling overloaded, invaded, insecure, or uncertain about it, meaning techno-complexity precedes other constructs. Therefore, the only stress factor that affected them was how to understand the complexity of mobile technology. This calls for adequate training and support from schools and governments in order for the teachers to fully incorporate technology into teaching.

열특성을 이용한 물체 인식 센서의 구현

박귀태(Gwi T. Park),임영철(Young C. Llm),정우남(Woo N. Juhng),조경영(Kyeong Y. Cho),조진영(Jin Y. Cho) 제어로봇시스템학회 1988 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.1 No.1

인버터식 X선장치의 관전압 맥동율 개선에 관한 연구

이성길(Seong-Gil Lee),임홍우(Hong-Woo Llm),조금배(Geum-Bae Cho),정수복(Soo-Bok Chung),백형래(Hyung-Lae Baek) 전력전자학회 1999 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.1999 No.7

In order to radiate X -ray, the low ripple stabilized high voltage DC over the range of 40KV to 150KV is directly inflicted to X -ray tube. The energy characteristics of the radiated X -ray depend on the pulsating waveforms of the DC voltage supplied X -ray tube In general, the low ripple voltage waveforms with fast rising times are required to increase with the dosage per unit I1me lest the exposure I1me should be longer in orde that the motion artifacts of an object may be eliminated in actual The conventional types of X -ray generators were bulky in physical size and heavy in weight, and the control accuracies of the output voltages were not always satisfactory. The high frequency switching inverter and converter technology on power conversion and control systems have been greatly closed up introducing new power semiconductor devices. To decreasing the volume and the weight of high voltage transformer, and to stabilize ripple, a high frequency PWM inverter is connected between DC source and high voltage transformer. This paper describes the output characteristics according to stabilize ripple of X -ray tube voltage and compared the reproducibility, direcibility and doesage.

핵의학 간담도 스캔 시, 전면상과 우측 측면상에서의 담낭박출률에 대한 비교 및 고찰

이은별,김재일,도용호,임정진,조성욱,노경운,Lee, Eun-Byeol,Kim, Jae-Il,Do, Yong-Ho,Llm, Jung-Jin,Cho, Sung-Wook,Noh, Gyeong-Woon 대한핵의학기술학회 2018 핵의학 기술 Vol.22 No.2

핵의학 간담도 검사 시, 담낭의 수축력을 정량적으로 평가하기 위하여 지방식(fatty meal)을 이용한 전면상에서의 담낭박출률(gallbladder ejection fraction ; GB EF%)을 진단에 이용하고 있다. 하지만, 담낭과 다른 구조물이 전면상에서 겹쳐질 경우, 담낭 박출률 평가가 정확히 이루어지지 않는다. 이러한 오차를 줄이기 위해 본 연구에서는 전면상과 우측 측면상에서 계산한 GBEF%의 유의한 차이가 있는 지 알아보고자 한다. 본원에 내원한 임의의 환자 50명을 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc$-Mebrofenin 370 MBq를 정맥주사 후 간담도 검사를 실행하였다. 검사는 SKYLIGHT(Philips, United States)을 이용하여 10분, 20분, 30분, 60분, 그리고 지방식(치즈와 우유)을 시행하고 30분 후에 90분 째, 전면상과 우측 측면 영상을 획득하였다. JETstream workspace 프로그램에서 60분째와 90분째 전면상과 우측 측면상에서 GBEF%을 구하였다. 보다 정확한 관심영역 설정을 위해 CT영상을 참고하였고, 4명의 방사선사가 동일한 영상에서의 GBEF%을 구하여 평균값을 계산하였다. 통계분석프로그램SPSS version23(SPSS Inc. USA)을 이용하여 전면상과 우측 측면상에서 GBEF%의 차이에 유의한 차이가 있는지 평가하였다. 무작위 50명 환자의 전면상에서 GBEF%의 평균값은 63.2고, 우측 측면상에서 GBEF%의 평균값은 62.7으로 전면상 대비 우측 측면상에서 0.5% 감소하였다. 전면상과 우측 측면상에서 GBEF%의 대응표본 t-검정 결과 P>0.05으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이를 통해 전면상에서 담낭과 다른 구조물이 분리되지 않아 담낭박출률의 오차가 발생하는 경우, 우측 측면상을 이용하여 GBEF%을계산하면 보다 더 정확한 담낭박출률이 평가되는 것으로 사료된다. Purpose In case of nuclear medical hepatobiliary scan, To quantitatively evaluate contractility of a gallbladder, gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF%) is calculated from anterior images using fatty meal. However, when a gallbladder and other organs overlap on an anterior image, the gallbladder ejection fraction is not accurately evaluated. In order to reduce this error, the objective of our study was to figure out whether there is a significant difference in GBEF% calculated from the anterior and right lateral images. Materials and Methods After intravenous injection of 99mTc-Mebrofenin 370 MBq to randomly 50 patients who visited our hospital, we started to examine nuclear hepatobiliary scan. Using skylight(Philips, United States), we acquired anterior and right lateral image at 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90minutes after injection. Using images at 60 and 90 minutes, gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF%) was calculated from the anterior and right lateral images using JETstream workspace. For drawing more accurate ROI, CT images were referenced and 4 radiologists calculated the GBEF% in the same image and calculated the average value. We assessed whether there was a significant difference in GBEF% calculated from the anterior and right lateral images using SPSS program(Statistical Package for the Social Science, SPSS Ver.18 Inc. USA). Results About randomly 50 patients, the average value of the GBEF% calculated from the anterior image was 63.212 and the average value of the GBEF% calculated from the right lateral image was 62.666. GBEF% decreased 0.433% on the right lateral image compared with anterior image. Result of paired sample t-test, p value is over 0.05. So, there was no significant difference in GBEF% calculated from the anterior and right lateral images. Conclusion In the case that a gallbladder and other organs are not separated on an anteior image, Right lateral image would be better to acquire more accurate GBEF% than using anterior image.