The Long Story about the Short Medium : Twitter as a Communication Medium in Historical, Present, and Future Context

Paul Levinson(폴 레빈슨) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 2011 언론정보연구 Vol.48 No.1

소셜 미디어 중 가장 화제가 되고 있는 뉴미디어인 트위터는 그래피티나 전보, 책 광고문 등의 간략한 형식들에서 역사적 근원을 찾을 수 있다. 소셜미디어 소비자의 소비자-생산자로의 전환은 트위터 사용자에게 정치인이나 유명인사가 될 수 있는 능력을 부여하면서 트위터를 정치적 활동의 장, 그리고 엔터테인먼트의 영역으로 바꾸어놓았다. 문자 미디어, 그리고 멀티미디어로서 트위터는 살아 있는 유기체에서 계통발생론이 개체발생론을 되풀이하는 것과 같은 방식으로, 다른 모든 미디어들처럼 글쓰기와 그림에서 시작하여 사운드, 동영상으로 진화 해왔다. 또 생물계와 마찬가지로, 트위터는 다른 온라인 “유기체들”, 예컨대 페이스북이나 유튜브 등과 상호결합을 확대하며 우리 세계를 상호접속된 의식으로서의 “누스피어”에 더욱 가까워지게 하고 있다. 아울러, 트위터와 그의 후손 격인 포스퀘어는 스마트폰의 GPS를 통해 온라인에 있는 누구에게나 사용자가 어디에 위치하는지를 알려줄 수 있게 됨에 따라 현실과 가상세계를 결합해 가는 중이다. 트위터는 또한 트윗에 기초한 텔레비전 시트콤, 트위터에서 창작된 소설, 짧은 인터뷰로 만들어진 새로운 형식의 다큐멘터리 등을 이끌며 예술에도 점차 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 미디어는 사람들의 필요를 얼마나 잘 만족시키는지에 따라 살아남는다. 이러한 맥락에서 미디어로서의 트위터의 미래는 매우 전도유망하다. Twitter, the hottest new medium in the social media landscape, has historical roots in such successful short forms as graffiti, telegrams, and book blurbs. The transformation of all consumers of social media into consumer­producers has leveled the political playing field on Twitter, and the entertainment field as well, giving all Tweeters equal ability to converse with famous politicians and celebrities. As a written and multi­medium, Twitter has evolved much like the evolution of all media, starting with writing and pictures, and moving on to sounds and moving images, in the same way that phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny in living organisms. Also like the biological world, Twitter is increasingly interconnected with other online “organisms,” e.g., Facebook and YouTube, moving our world ever closer to a “noosphere” of the Earth as an interconnected consciousness. Further, Twitter and its descendant Foursquare are merging the real and virtual worlds, as GPS components of smart phones can tell anyone online where the user is located. Twitter also has a growing impact on the arts, leading to television sitcoms based on Tweets, novels created on Twitter, and new forms of documentaries made of short interviews. Media survive based on how well they satisfy a natural human need-which means the future of Twitter as a medium looks very promising.

Views on the Orientation of Science in Decision-Making Revealed in Undergraduate Students` Discussion on Socio-Scientific Issues

( Hun Koog Jho ),( Jin Woong Song ),( Ralph Levinson ) 한국과학교육학회 2013 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.33 No.3

The aim of this study was to identify students` views on the orientation of science and to investigate the relationship between their views and decision-making on socio-scientific issues (SSI). In this study, 27 university students attending a science course were asked to discuss four controversial issues: the Toyota recall, the green car, the global warming and swine influenza (influenza A (H1N1)). The study was comprised of two stages. At the first stage, we examined students` views on the nature of science and on the orientation of science with the open-ended questionnaire based on VNOS and VOSTS. While they held relatively similar views on the nature of science, their views on the orientation of science were distinct as pragmatic, intrinsic, communal and ethical views. At the second stage, to examine the role of their views on the orientation of science in decision-making, we selected four students who had similar views on NOS but different views on the orientation of science. The four students were selected from each group of views on the orientation of science and their decision-making processes were analyzed following grounded theory. Across SSIs, they relied upon their views on the orientation of science as the strategies for decision, though considered different perception, and causal and contextual conditions. This study indicates that understanding students` views on the orientation of science would be helpful for achieving scientific literacy for informed decision.

학교에서의 지속가능발전교육과 융복합교육의 통합 전략 탐색 연구

이선경(Sun-Kyung Lee),Ralph Levinson 한국환경교육학회 2018 環境 敎育 Vol.31 No.2

지속가능발전교육에서 중요하게 다루어지는 주제나 소재는 대개의 경우 환경적이고, 경제적이며, 사회적이고 문화적인 쟁점과 연계된다. 이것은 실제 세계의 복잡성을 반영하고 있으며, 융복합교육에서 필수적인 요소라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 영국의 지속가능한 학교를 중심으로 지속가능발전교육과 융복합교육이 학교시스템에 어떻게 통합되어 실시될 수 있는지를 탐색하였다. 본 연구를 위해 2015∼2016년 동안 문헌 조사, 사례 조사, 관련자 면담, 학교 방문, 교사 면담 등이 이루어졌다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 영국의 지속가능한 학교에서는 ‘보살핌(caring)의 강조, 통합적인 접근, 지속가능성과 관련된 핵심 주제, 즉, 진입로 개념 도입’ 등 세 가지 사항을 중요한 구성 원리로 제시하고 있다. 둘째, 지속가능한 학교에서 지속가능성이나 융복합과 관련된 주제를 학교교육에 통합하는 것은 초보자, 수행자, 지도자, 선구자의 4가지 단계로 된 과정 모델로 접근할 수 있다. 이를 위해 구체적인 실천과 전략의 개발 및 변혁 과정이 필요하다. 셋째, 지속가능한 학교에서 특정 주제를 둘러싼 복잡성에의 접근은 다양한 방식이 가능하다. 여러 교과와 학교내 활동의 통합을 통하여 단순에서 복잡으로 나아가기, 한 가지 진입로와 다른 진입로의 주제가 만나는 지점을 구체적 실천의 대상으로 삼기, 포괄적인 질문을 통해 쟁점의 복잡성을 탐구하기 등이다. 또한 내용요소뿐만 아니라 역량 중심으로도 가능하다. 마지막으로 지속가능발전교육 또는 융복합교육 모두 학교 전체적 접근이 가능할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 추후 지속가능발전교육과 융복합교육을 통합하는 것과 관련된 구체적 사례와 시사점을 제공해 준다. Themes and topics that are considered to be important in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) are often associated with environmental, economic, social and cultural issues. This reflects the complexity of issues in the real world, which is an essential component of convergence education or Yungbokhap education. This study explores how ESD and convergence education can be integrated into school systems, based on the framework and cases from Sustainable Schools in the UK. For this study, literature reviews, case study, interviews with related persons, school visits, and teacher interviews were conducted during in 2015∼2016. The results are as follows: Sustainable Schools in the UK offer three important points, namely, the emphasis on caring, the integrated approach, and the introduction of the main themes related to sustainability, namely, ‘doorways’. Second, integrating ESD and convergence education-related themes and topics into school education at Sustainable Schools can be approached as a four-step process model of beginner, performer, leader, and pioneer. In this process, it is necessary to develop specific practices, strategies and transformation. Third, it is found that there are three possible approaches to the complexity of specific themes or topics in Sustainable Schools. Through the integration of various curriculum and activities within the school, we can move from simplicity to complexity, or explore the points where one theme meets the other(s), or explore the complexity of the issue through comprehensive questions which can be related to diverse themes or topics. These strategies can be carried out with focus on content elements in ESD and convergence education, or with competences including critical thinking, systems thinking, and problem solving, which can be considered to be important in ESD or convergence education. Finally, both ESD and convergence education can be applied to the entire school through a whole-school approach. The results of this study provide concrete examples and implications for future integration of ESD and convergence education in the school system.

Electromagnetic priors for black hole spindown in searches for gravitational waves from supernovae and long GRBs

van Putten, M. H. P. M.,Della Valle, M.,Levinson, A. EDP Sciences 2011 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.535 No.-

<P>Context. Some core-collapse supernovae appear to be hyper-energetic, and a subset of these are aspherical and associated with long GRBs. Aims. We use observations of electromagnetic emission from core-collapse supernovae and GRBs to impose constraints on their free energy source as a prior to searches for their gravitational wave emission. Methods. We review these events based on a finite efficiency for the conversion of spin energy to magnetic winds powering supernovae. Results. We find that some of the hyper-energetic events cannot be powered by the spindown of rapidly rotating proto-neutron stars by virtue of their limited rotational energy. They can, instead, be produced by the spindown of black holes providing a distinct prospect for gravitational-wave emission of interest to LIGO, Virgo, and the LCGT.</P>

Age-dependent root canal instrumentation techniques: a comprehensive narrative review

Solomonov, Michael,Kim, Hyeon-Cheol,Hadad, Avi,Levy, Dan Henry,Itzhak, Joe Ben,Levinson, Oleg,Azizi, Hadas The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2020 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.45 No.1

The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: 'age-related root canal treatment,' 'age-related instrumentation,' 'age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,' 'age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,' 'root canal instrumentation at different ages,' 'geriatric root canal treatment,' and 'pediatric root canal treatment.' Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician's awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.

Age-dependent root canal instrumentation techniques: a comprehensive narrative review

Solomonov Michael,Kim Hyeon-Cheol,Hadad Avi,Levy Dan Henry,Ben Itzhak Joe,Levinson Oleg,Azizi Hadas 대한치과보존학회 2020 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.45 No.2

The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: ‘age-related root canal treatment,’ ‘age-related instrumentation,’ ‘age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,’ ‘age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,’ ‘root canal instrumentation at different ages,’ ‘geriatric root canal treatment,’ and ‘pediatric root canal treatment.’ Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician’s awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.