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Lee, Sangyoon,Park, Sungsik,Kim, Chang-Wan,Lee, Dongjin,Lee, Chongmu,Jin, Changhyun Elsevier 2016 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.598 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A hydrothermal-based synthesis technique was used to produce both amorphous and nano-grained NiO nanowires. The scanning electron microscopy images showed the morphologies before and after annealing treatment at 350 and 400°C for 2h. The microstructural features of the mixed amorphous and local crystalline in as-synthesized NiO and polycrystalline in annealed NiO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The corresponding elemental compositions were determined via energy-dispersive X-ray. In addition, annealing-dependent effects on the photoluminescence spectra were observed in at least two different energy band regions, e.g., at ~395, 660, and 680nm. The photoluminescence properties, including intensity and energy, of the individual NiO nanowires varied significantly with microstructural changes arising from nickel and oxygen defects from annealing the as-synthesized amorphous NiO. The microstructural and optical origin of as-synthesized amorphous and annealed nano-grained NiO nanowires is discussed on the basis of the aforementioned results.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Amorphous and nano-grained NiO nanowires were synthesized. </LI> <LI> The structures have changed from amorphous to crystalline after annealing. </LI> <LI> The different PL properties may have resulted from annealing effects. </LI> </UL> </P>
The properties of porous silicon as a therapeutic agent <i>via</i> the new photodynamic therapy
Lee, Chongmu,Kim, Hojin,Cho, Youngjoon,Lee, Wan In Royal Society of Chemistry 2007 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.17 No.25
<P>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a very useful approach for cancer treatment, but it has a few short-term and long-term side effects arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Recently a new photodynamic therapy (PDT) based not on the ROS generation capability of photosensitizers but on the heat generation capability of carbon nanotubes (CNT) combined with a near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation technique has received significant attention. Our experimental results show that PSi can also be utilized as a therapeutic agent that generates sufficient heat to kill cancer cells without toxicity. The surface temperature of PSi increases as high and as quickly as that of CNT, but PSi was found to produce a smaller amount of ROS than CNT during NIR light irradiation. In addition, we developed a new method to effectively measure the amount of the ROS produced by nanomaterial photosensitizers including porous silicon (PSi) and CNT. The analysis results show that this method is reliable and reproducible.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Porous silicon can be utilized as a therapeutic agent that generates sufficient heat to kill cancer cells with minimal reactive oxygen species generation upon exposure to near-infrared light. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b700892a'> </P>
Volatile organic compound sensing properties of MoO<sub>3</sub>–ZnO core–shell nanorods
Lee, Wan In,Bonyani, Maryam,Lee, Jae Kyung,Lee, Chongmu,Choi, Seung-Bok ELSEVIER 2018 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.18 No.supp
<P>MoO3-ZnO core-shell nanorods were synthesized by a simple two-step process. MoO3 nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, which was followed by atomic layer deposition of a ZnO shell. The phase and crystallinity of the synthesized products were examined by X-ray diffraction, and the morphological features were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Gas sensing tests were performed on both pristine MoO3 nanorods and MoO3-ZnO core-shell nanorods. Sensors containing the pristine MoO3 nanorods and MoO3-ZnO core-shell nanorods showed responses (R-a/R-g where R-a and R-g are the electrical resistances of the sensors in air and the target gas, respectively) of 1.15 and 7.6, respectively, to 200 ppm ethanol at 350 degrees C. Therefore, the response of the MoO3-ZnO core-shell nanorod sensors to ethanol gas was significantly better than that of pristine MoO3 nanorods. The underlying mechanisms for the enhanced sensing performance are discussed in detail. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>
Rapid Thermal Annealing Treatment of Electroplated Cu Films
Hanseung Lee,Dukryel Kwon,Hyunah Park,Hyoun Woo Kim,Chongmu Lee,Jaegab Lee 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.43 No.51
Cu seed layers for copper electroplating were deposited by magnetron sputtering on silicon wafers using TaN as diusion barriers between the seed layer and silicon. The Cu seed layer was cleaned with a H2 plasma prior to electroplating the copper lm, and the eects of the H2 plasma pretreatment were investigated. After thin copper lms were grown by electrodeposition on the copper seed layers which had been cleaned with the H2 plasma, they were then subjected to i) vacuum annealing, ii) rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and iii) rapid thermal nitriding (RTN) at various temperatures over dierent periods of time. X-ray diraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and resistivity measurements were done to ascertain the optimum heat treatment conditions for obtaining lms with minimum resistivity and with smooth, predominantly (111)-oriented surfaces. The as-deposited lm had a resistivity of 6.3 -cm and a relatively small intensity ratio of the (111) to the (200) peak. With heat treatment, the resistivity decreased and the (111) peak became dominant. In addition, the surface smoothness of the copper lm was improved. The optimal condition (with a resistivity of 1.98 -cm) is suggested to be rapid thermal nitriding at 400 C.
Bonyani, Maryam,Lee, Jae Kyung,Sun, Gun-Joo,Lee, Sangmin,Ko, Taekyung,Lee, Chongmu Elsevier S.A. 2017 Thin Solid Films Vol.636 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We report the effects of a combination of Pd-decoration and Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>-ZnO core-shell formation on the response of the Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanorod gas sensor to benzene. Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorods were synthesized by a four-step process including thermal evaporation of Bi powders in an oxygen atmosphere, atomic layer deposition of ZnO, and Pd decoration, followed by high-temperature annealing. The formation of Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorods was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometric elemental mapping. The Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod sensor showed far stronger response to benzene improved compared to those of the Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod and Pd-decorated ZnO nanorod sensors. The Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod sensor exhibited a response (<I>R</I> <SUB> <I>a</I> </SUB> <I>/R</I> <SUB> <I>g</I> </SUB>) of 28.0 to 200ppm of benzene at 300°C, whereas those of the Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod, and Pd-decorated ZnO nanorod sensors were 9.1 and 8.3, respectively. The extraordinarily strong response of the Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod sensor compared to other sensors might be attributed to the intensified potential barrier modulation at the Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO interface due to the Pd-induced enhanced generation of electrons. The Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorod sensor also showed very good selectivity toward benzene against other reducing gases, such as ethanol, toluene, carbon monoxide, and acetone.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Pd-decorated Bi<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–ZnO core–shell nanorods were synthesized by a four-step process. </LI> <LI> A combination of Pd decoration and core-shell formation showed a synergistic effect in sensitivity. </LI> <LI> The underlying mechanism of the synergistic effects is discussed. </LI> <LI> The sensor showed very good selectivity toward benzene against other reducing gases. </LI> </UL> </P>