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Mills, Andrew,Lawrie, Katherine,McFarlane, Michael Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.3
The classic, non-photochemical blue bottle experiment involves the reaction of methylene blue (MB) with deprotonated glucose, to form a bleached form of the dye, leuco-methylene blue (LMB), and subsequent colour recovery by shaking with air. This reaction is a popular demonstrator of key principles in kinetics and reaction mechanisms. Here it is modified so as to highlight features of homogenous and heterogeneous photoinduced electron transfer (PET) (Pure Appl. Chem., 2007, 79, 293-465) reactions, i.e. blue bottle light experiments. The homogeneous blue bottle light experiment uses methylene blue, MB, as the photo-sensitizer and triethanolamine as the sacrificial electron donor. Visible light irradiation of this system leads to its rapid bleaching, followed by the ready restoration of its original colour upon shaking away from the light source. The heterogeneous blue bottle light experiment uses titania as the photo-sensitizer, MB as a redox indicator and glucose as the sacrificial electron donor. UVA light irradiation of this system leads to the rapid bleaching of the MB and the gradual restoration of its original colour with shaking and standing. The latter 'dark' step can be made facile and more demonstrator-friendly by using platinised titania particles. These two photochemical versions of the blue bottle experiment are used to explore the factors which underpin homogeneous and heterogeneous PET reactions and provide useful demonstrations of homogeneous and heterogeneous photochemistry.
How school leaders perceive the leadership role of middle leaders in Singapore primary schools?
Hak Hiang Koh,David Gurr,Lawrie Drysdale,Li Li Ang 서울대학교 교육연구소 2011 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.12 No.4
Middle leaders are 'recognised as a significant source in ensuring that quality education reaches out to pupils' (Low and Lim 1997, p. 77) for they are 'the human link between national education policy as manifested in school-level strategic planning aEuro broken vertical bar and the teaching staff whose 'field tactics' are used to implement such strategies' (Chew 2008, p. 135). This study investigated the leadership role of middle leaders in Singaporean primary schools, as seen from the perspectives of principals and vice principals. Principals' perceptions are important as they are the 'ultimate school leader' (Hammersley-Fletcher and Brundrett 2008, p. 13) and 'the extent of the middle leadership remit is delimited by the range and extent of tasks on offer and this is controlled by the head teacher' (Hammersley-Fletcher and Strain 2009, p. 5). This study used a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology (van Manen 1997) to examine the leadership role of middle leaders in Singapore primary schools. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews were used to collect data from 12 principals and vice principals. The interview data were analysed using an interpretational analysis system adapted from in Tesch (1990, pp. 92-96). The purpose of this paper is to provide a rich description of the leadership role of middle leaders as perceived by the school leaders. Seven major themes were identified: (1) teaching and learning; (2) building vision and setting directions; (3) leading and managing teachers; (4) communicating; (5) continuing leadership development; (6) changing role; and (7) challenges. The findings reported in this paper corroborated with the findings presented in other studies of middle leadership (e.g. Adey and Jones 1998; Blandford 1997; Busher 2005; Busher and Harris 1999; Glover et al. 1999) and illustrated the complexity of the leadership role within the middle of the school hierarchy. The paper concludes with a discussion on the connections with the broader successful school leadership literature.
The Neuroimmunology of Schizophrenia
Annya M. Smyth,Stephen M. Lawrie 대한정신약물학회 2013 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.11 No.3
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a polygenic, multi-factorial disorder and a definitive understanding of its pathophysiology has been lacking since it was first described more than a century ago. The predominant pharmacological approach used to treat SCZ is the use of dopamine receptor antagonists. The fact that many patients remain symptomatic, despite complying with medication regimens,emphasises the need for a more encompassing explanation for both the causes and treatment of SCZ. Recent neuroanatomical,neurobiological, environmental and genetic studies have revived the idea that inflammatory pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ. These new insights have emerged from multiple lines of evidence, including the levels of inflammatory proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with SCZ and animal models. This review focuses on aberrant inflammatory mechanisms present both before and during the onset of the psychotic symptoms that characterise SCZ and discusses recent research into adjunctive immune system modulating therapies for its more effective treatment.
Kurniawan Febri Yuda,Putri Saifa Usni,Linggabuwana Aviesta,Lawrie Muhammad Dylan,Purwantoro Aziz,Semiarti Endang 한국원예학회 2024 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.65 No.1
Phalaenopsis ‘Sogo Vivien’ is a hybrid orchid that can produce a mutant with foliar variegation. Variegation can be divided into structural-type and pigment-type variegation. Foliar variegation was mostly caused by mutations in plastid genes. Even though there are various studies on foliar variegation in other plants, studies on foliar variegation in orchids are quite limited. This study aimed to determine the variegated leaf phenotype characteristics and their cause in P . ‘Sogo Vivien’. This study observed the anatomy of variegated leaves by comparing the green and white parts of the leaf, measured the concentration of chlorophyll pigments, and detected leaf starch content between both parts. In addition, polymorphism analysis was also performed on the VAR2 gene partial sequences. Based on leaf anatomy structure, the diff erence between variegated zones is only in the number of chloroplasts, the diameter of parenchyma cells, and chloroplasts. The chloroplast diameter within the white part is smaller than the green part. The chloroplasts’ diameters in the green part are two times larger than the white part, with four times more in amount. The two parts were formed due to diff erences in the distribution pattern of functional chloroplasts in the leaves. The concentration of chlorophyll in the green part is higher than in the white part, a characteristic of the chlorophyll-type variegation. The green parts have more starch grains than the white parts. Stomata distance between variegated zones on the abaxial side is diff erent, and it was suggested as a distinctive character between variegated zones. A thymine insertion in exon 1 contributed to nonsense and missense mutations on the VAR2 gene isolated from the white part. This mutation caused the amino acid motif to change from KAKFQ to KA—Q. This mutation is suggested to cause the variegated leaf phenomenon in P . ‘Sogo Vivien’.