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Sojung Park,최만식,Dongjun Jang,조동진,Kyunggue Park 한국해양과학기술원 2020 Ocean science journal Vol.55 No.1
In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution and sources of dissolved and particulate heavy metals in Masan Bay, an area that for a long time has been contaminated by waste from surrounding large industrial complexes and metropolitan cities. Surface seawater samples from 16 sites around inner Masan Bay and offshore were collected over four survey periods (October 2015 and June, August, and November 2016). The spatial gradients of dissolved and particulate heavy metal concentrations generally overwhelmed the temporal variability, with a sharp decrease in metal concentrations, as well as salinity, with distance from the innermost site near the river mouth toward offshore. This tendency was maintained throughout all four survey periods. With the exception of zone I (sites 1–4), the concentrations of dissolved and particulate heavy metals showed little spatial variability, although possible sources of heavy metals, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs; Dukdong and Jinhae), were located in the area. The main sources of several heavy metals would be the river water itself, as well as the release processes of river particles. Metalenriched biological particles from river water and WWTP effluent were the main contributors to the particulate metal concentrations during June and August; however, during October and November, the particulate metal concentrations were supplied by detrital particles similar to sediment. The contamination index was calculated using metal concentrations in offshore samples as the background concentrations. Mn, Co, and Zn contamination in zone I ranged from grade 3 to 5, indicating moderate to strong pollution conditions.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Gyeonggi Bay, Korea
Sojung Park,최만식,Dongjun Jang,조동진,Kyunggue Park,Hyojin Lee,Junsik Woo,Taeha Kim,Jongkyu Park 한국해양과학기술원 2020 Ocean science journal Vol.55 No.1
In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals and nutrients in Gyeonggi Bay, Korea, to determine their present status and seasonal variability, and to identify their sources. Two surveys (May and August 2017) covering the entire Gyeonggi Bay (15 sites) and twelve surveys over four seasons (February, May, August, and November of 2016–2018) covering the Incheon Special Management Area (7 sites) were carried out to collect surface seawaters. Three surveys (January, April, and August of 2015) were also performed to collect seawater samples at Shihwa Lake (16 sites). Although the concentration gradients of nutrient type heavy metals (e.g. copper, nickel, zinc, and cadmium) corresponded to patterns of salinity in both dry and wet seasons, there was little seasonal variability over the three years studied. However, there was evidence that heavy metals were released during mixing with freshwaters in the wet season, likely from river outflow or direct coastal inputs such as effluents from Shihwa Lake. For nutrients, whereas the conservative mixing of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and the release of dissolved inorganic phosphate and dissolved silica were observed in the wet season, the concentrations of organic particles (e.g., chlorophyll-a, particulate organic carbon, and particulate organic nitrogen) had an inverse relationship with salinity in the dry season (May). Scavenged metals (e.g., manganese and cobalt) had non-freshwater coastal sources, such as benthic remobilization from suboxic sediments, and exhibited seasonal variation; they progressively increased in concentration from winter to spring and summer, and dropped to their minimum levels in the fall, which was presumably related to variation in microbial activity in sediments. Based on their relationship with salinity, heavy metals were deduced to be derived from coastal sources such as effluents from Shihwa Lake and freshwater from the Han River.