Tennessee Williams 의 "The Glass Menagerie" 小考 : An Unemotional Interpretation

崔京蘭 단국대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

This study attempts to interprete the characters in the Glass Menagerie, a major play of Tennessee Williams, in light of the illusions that they create and use as refuges to compensate for harsh life. Conflicts between what they are forced to endure in real life and what they entertain in illusions to attain grace and elegance are identified throughout important episodes in the play and illusions are interpreted as passive means to avert the unresolved conflicts they face in life. The interpreation follows a brief introduction to the life of the playwright and the literary importance he attained in the contemporary American literature. Characters are placed in a preconceived paradigm to fit into the nature of the illusions to which they have easy access. The illusions are depicted to serve their emotional hungers and desires to escape from the mean life, over which they have little personal control. The illusions are interpreted as poorely serving their creators and addicts, by virtue of the creeping force they inflicts on the characters, while they exhibit tendency to withdraw from the reality instead of confronting it squarely.

운동과 적혈구 노화와의 관계

최용어,윤탁영,홍경란 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1991 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구는 노화의 정도에 따라 적혈구를 분리하고 장시간의 운동 스트레스가 노화에 미치는 영향을 알아 보고자, 고도로 훈련된 남자 마라톤 선수 3명을 대상으로 HRmax 80% 수준에서 지속적인 런닝을 실시하였다. 전혈에서 RBC, WBC, MCV, Hb, Hct를 측정하고, 적혈구 내에 존재하는 Protein Carboxyl O-Methyltransferase(PCM)을 정제하여 그 activity를 측정하고, 적혈구 막을 분리하여 그 구성 단백질에 대한 PCM 의 Methylatability를 측정하여 운동과 적혈구 노화와의 관계를 설명하고자 한다. 각 시간별, Rest(0분), Running(30, 60, 90, 120분), Recovery(10, 30분)에 혈액을 채혈하여, 전혈에서 RBC, WBC, MCV, Hb, Hct의 변화를 조사하고 (Hematology Analyzer 5), 적혈구를 분리하여 50% Prcoll과 0.154M Hypaque에 넣고 22,000??g에서 40분간 원심분리하면 11 -15개 정도의 적혈구 층이 노화된 정도에 따라 분류된다. 적혈구 세포내의 PCM을 정제하고, 적혈구 막(ghost)을 분리하여 방사성 동위원소 (??C-SAM)를 methyl donor로 하여 PCM activity와 적혈구 막에 대한 Methylatability를 측정하였다. 런닝 30분에 RBC수가 증가하였으며, WBC와 Hb은 운동하는 동안 높은 수준을 유지하였다. MCV와 Hct는 변화가 없었다. Percoll과 Hypaque를 이용하여 노화된 정도에 따라 적혈구를 분류하였으나, 각 층에 대한 세포수의 측정이 뒤따르지 못하여 적혈구 수의 증가 혹은 감소와의 관계를 직접 볼수 없었다. 적혈구 내에서 정제된 PCM activity 는 운동 스트레스에 의한 변화를 보이지 않음으로써 항상 full을 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 적혈구 막에 대한 Methlatability변화는 운동전 26.77±0.32 units/mg.min에서 런닝 30분에 34.29±0.55 units/mg.min로 큰 증가를 보였으며 런닝하는 동안 높은 수준을 유지하였다. 이는 운동 스트레스가 적혈구 막단백질을 구성하는 아미노산에 영향을 미쳐 비정상의 L-isoaspartyl 잔기를 만들었음을 말해주는 것이며, 이것이 노화된 단백질의 수복기전과 일치한다. 즉 PCM이 비정상의 L-isoaspartyl 잔기를 메칠화시켜 정상의 L-aspartyl잔기로 수복시킴으로써 운동 스트레스에 의한 영향을 극복하고자 하는 것이다. 그러므로 장시간의 운동 스트레스가 주는 영향이 노화에 의한 현상과 일치함을 알수 있다. Our studies showed the separation method of erythrocyte according to aging process and the effect that influenced a long-time exercise stress to aging. Highly trained marathon runners (n=3) performed a prolonged running(2hours) at the level of HRmax 80% RBC,WBC,MCV, Hct was measured in a whole blood.Protein Carboxyl O-Methyltransferase(PCM) in the erythrocyte was purified from the cytosol and the activity was measured. Methylatability of erythrocyte membrance protein was measured during marathon performance and recovery phase. Therefore, we interpreted the relation of exercise and erthrocyte aging. The count of RBC increased at the running 30 min. WBC and Hb maintained at the high level during marathon running. MCV and Hct did not changed. Erythrocyte divided into 11-15bands by Percoll and Hypaque according to aging. Because the erythrocyte did not count numerically in different age-related fraction of human erythrocyte, we cannot show the change of erythrocyte count. PCM activity purified in erythrocyte did not change by exercise stress, this suggests that PCM is full at all times. Methylatability of erythrocyte membrane protein changed from 26.77±0.32 units/mg.min before exercise to 34.29±0.55 units/mg.min at 30min after exercise and maintained a high level of methylatability during a running. This suggests that abnormal L-isoaspartyl residues came into being in the membrane protein composition as a result of exercise stress and are repaired by the same mechanism as aging repair that is, PCM methylated abnormal L-isoaspartyl residues in membrane protein and repaired into normal L-aspartyl residues, which removed the effect of exercise stress. Therefore, this study showed that the effect by exercise stress is the same as that of aging process.

사용자 문화 중심의 가구 디자인 연구 : 자녀방 가구 디자인 중심으로

최경란 국민대학교 2003 造形論叢 Vol.22 No.-

본 연구의 자녀방 사용자는 7~11세 학령기 아동을 대상으로 하였으며 이 시기의 아동은 영유아기나 사춘기의 성장급등과 비교해 보면 아동기의 신체발달은 비교적 완만한 편이다. 하지만 운동기능의 발달은 초등학교에 입학할 무렵이면 대근육과 소근육의 기본적 운동기능이 거의 발달하며, 이후에는 기존의 운동능력이 더 빠르고 정교하게 발달한다. 그러나 신체발달은 개인차이와 성별차이가 크게 나타난다. 피아제의 발달 이론에 따르면 지적 성장발달은 크게 4단계로 구분하는데 본 연구의 자녀방 사용자인 7~11세 학령기 아동은 구체적 조작단계에 속하고 이 단계에는 지능과 창의력발달이 이뤄진다고 한다. 이 단계의 아동은 대상을 정확히 분류하고, 보존하며, 사회화된 언어를 사용하고, 물활론적 개념을 버리며, 세계를 보다 논리적으로 볼 수 있는 능력이 향상되는 시기이다. 놀이는 올바른 신체발달과 지적 성장을 수반해야 이뤄지며 놀이를 통해 이를 향상시키기도 한다. 이러한 아동 발달학을 근거로 자녀방 가구 디자인은 놀이, 효율적인 학습, 창의적인개성을 줄 수 있는 방향으로 모색해보고자 한다. 자녀방에 필요한 가구는 아동의 성장에 따라 높낮이 변화 조절이 가능한 가구, 책임감과 관리능력을 발달시킬 수 있게 직접 참여하여 정리할 수 있는 가구, 수납방법을 직접 결정하고 해결 가능한 가구 디자인을 본 연구를 통하여 개발할 것이다. 연구방법은 사용자 리서치를 실시한 후 이에 대한 분석을 통하여 현재의 상황을 보다 명확하게 밝히고 사용자인 부모와 아이의 요구 조건을 반영한 가구 설계 지침을 확립하였다.

Shakespeare 작품에 나타난 신비성 연구 : Hamlet의 'Ghost'를 중심으로 with reference to the Ghost in Hamlet

崔京蘭 단국대학교 1990 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

This paper attempt to uncover the so-called mysticism in Shakespeare's plays. It focuses on interpreting the ghost in Hamlet, a major play of Shakespears. The Ghost in Hamlet is an integral element of the play. bestowing life and substace to it, as well as ensuring lasting theatrical wonder and completeness. Without proper understanding of the Ghost with its multiple meanings, one cannot grasp the full appreciation of Hamlet. This paper wades through major literature and scholarly works to unveil the nature and significance of the ghost as it is cast with undiminished weight in Hamlet. An interpretative perspective is constructed to treat the Ghost as a personified figure, comprehensible in the context of religious beliefs shared by the comtemporary audience of Shakespeare.

중 ·고등학교 여학생의 의생활태도에 관한 연구

최은영,전경란 한국 가정과 교육 학회 2000 한국가정과교육학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out how middle and high school girls show their clothing attitudes and their life-style, clothing behavior, use their ornaments according to demographic variables. The subject of this study consists of 345 middle and high school girls living in Chung-Nam Province and Taejon Metropolitan City. SPSS/PC+program was utilized to calculate frequency(N), mean value(M) and standard deviation(SD) for statistical analysis. Differences among the populations are examined through t-test, F-test and X2-test. The results of this study are as follow: 1. Correlation between the life style and demographic variables. Especially, life-style has significant difference(p<. 05) according to type of school, middle school girls have high tendency in the type of modern and fashion. Life-style has significant difference(p< .01) according to level of achievement studying, high level girls has high tendency in the type of practical and secure. 2. Correlation between the clothing behavior and demographic variables. According to type of school, middle school girls showed higher than high school girls in clothing conformity and clothing aesthetics. According to level of achievement studying, high level girls have high tendency in clothing conformity and clothing modesty. 3. Correlation between the use their ornaments and demographic variables. Buying the ornaments, higher-level achievement studying girl's get information in show window, but lower-level achievement studying girl's get information in TV or raido. The use of ornaments according to the site of school, most of school girls who live in small city or town use the ornaments as usual school life, but school girls who liven in big city use the ornaments to look good on their clothes. Following suggestions can be made based on the discussions above: It is necessary for us to have correct understanding about the correlation between the ornaments and clothing of school girls in order to lead them to have appropriate clothing behavior. Furtheromore, it is required to construct a bridge linking a course of study to rational habits guidance which will provide us more appropriate tools for clothing behavior guidance.

Edward Albee의 The Zoo Story에 나타난 현대인의 고립감 : Jerry의 자살의 동기를 중심으로

최경란 檀國大學校英美文化硏究所 1997 英美文化 Vol.6 No.-

This paper is an attempt to build up a new outlook to explore the rich metaphors alluding to human alienation and bondage as described in Edward Albee's The Zoo Story. It goes through the characteristic narratives of the play to amplify human alienation as the primary curse of the modern society. The paper gives ample examples to illustrate the complex spectrum of arenation as they relate to human disintegration and social breakdown. The tragic implications of loneliness and alienation of modern men are personified in Jerry, the hero of the play. Through a new interpretative framework he is observed as the terminally bound human being struggling to obtain a break-through toward freedom. His tragic ending is explained in terms of the imposing impersonality of the modern society and the enfeebled and submissive human reaction to the binding and cruel environment. The paper takes heed to human emotion taking precedence of social apparatus in coping with the tragic environment. It also notes of the prevailing scene of human miseries in which one can be more vulnerable to suffering, when emotionally deprived. The paper also notes the important trait of the play giving discredit to personalized and artificial human contacts to restore human relations. The paper tries to trace multiple meanings concealed behind the personal tragedy. It is framed within the social rehabilitation to be build upon common bondage and shared emotion among human beings. In this way, the disconnected relations among men in the modern society are interpreted more as signifying imperfections of the human community than personal maladjustments and limitations. This paper endeavors to set forth the important metaphor of the play; the futile act of the hero to have a solid union with a fellow human being is ironically the very act promising a lead into human salvation. The metaphor became transparent by the tragic end of his self-denial which comes out as not an act of condemnation but an act of new promise to human resurrection.

Shakespeare 극에서의 Mother 역할 : Coriolanus의 Volumnia를 중심으로

崔京蘭 단국대학교 1995 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

This paper is an attempt to highlight the masculine trait impersonated in Volumnia in Coriolanus, a later-period Shakespearean tradegy. The masculine personality is interpreted in light of its self-serving and destructive influence brought upon the shaping of the personality of her son Coriolanus and on his eventual downfall as an independent human being. Magnified in the paper is the conflicts displayed by the imposing and assertive mother and her rebellious but dependent son in viewing values in life. Also depicted is the distorted ambition of Volumnia to manipulate her son throughout the entire course of his life to have him serve in her interest. The innate ambition of Volumnia to achieve what is believed to belong to man's world ; honor, power and glory is contrasted with the thwarted response and submission on the part of Coriolanus, which lead into the tragic conclusion of this drama.

King Lear의 이해 : 주·부플롯의 병치를 중심으로 Chiefley on the Parallelism of Two Plots

崔京蘭 단국대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

The purpose of this study is to show the parallelism of two plots-the story of King Lear and the story of Gloucester. These two stories are net separated, but complimentary. That is, each story is a commentary on the other. At the beginning of the play Lear wants to unburden himself of the 'cares and business of government' and keep only 'the name and all th'addition'. That is, he would like to enjoy being king without assuming the responsibilities of kingship. When he asks his daughters to tell the degree of love for him, his favorite daughter, Cordelia, refuses to say anything. He becomes angry, disinherits her and divides kingdom between her two sisters, Goneril and Regan. Then two daughters turn against Lear. Gloucester in the subplot is a victim of the trick by his illegitimate son, Edmund. He is blind to the characters of his two sons, Edgar and Edmund. Lear and Gloucester are both blind to the good and bad in their children, and both choose to trust the bad and reject the good. They start their own tragedy by a foolish misjudgment: Lear invites tragedy by three errors of understanding-errors with regard to the nature of kingship, the nature of love, and the nature of language (the value of certain statements about love) ; Gloucester is dismayed by what Edmund tells him about his ligitimate son, Edgar, but forms no plan of his own. By their mistakes both Lear and Gloucester are rejected and treated cruelly by their bad children. Lear's anger caused by his daughters' ingratitude develops into insanity. After going mad, Lear gradually can see reality and starts to see his daughters as they are. The mental and physical anguish that Lear undergoes indeed lead him to a deeper and truer perception of life and his own nature. Further, he learns to be patient under affliction. The educative or redemptive function of suffering for Lear is emphasized by the essential similar pattern in the Gloucester subplot. Gloucester, too, learns from his agony. That is, Gloucester becomes a wiser man after his blindness. Gloucester acknowledges his faults, pities the miserables, and realizes the ordinance of god's distribution. At the encounter between the blinded Gloucester and the maddened Lear, Lear's insight, reason in madness, seems to be most intuitive, because he can now distinguish the reality of truth from the appearance of falseness. The tragedy is that these self-knowledge comes too late. Finally, they reconcile with their children that they have wronged. The final scene of the play is remarkable for the number of deaths. Gloucester and Lear die of their emotions, the ultimate measure of the intensity of their sufferings. Their feelings are literally unbearable. King Lear, one of the greatest Shakeapeare's tragedies, makes us feel a sense of dread at the human condition itself.

Measure for Measure : Angelo 의 '위선'을 중심으로 Chiefly on Angelop's 'Hypocrisy'

崔京蘭 단국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

Measure for Measure was first produced at the Whitehall on December 26, 1604. Since then the play has had a long and successful production history despite a reputation among critics as a bad play. In critical views: Dryden found the play "meanly written"; Coleridge found the low-life scenes "disgusting"; Dr, Johnson, however, found Lucio and the low-life scenes "very natural and pleasing"; Hazlitt found the subject matter "repulsive"; Swinburne cordially disliked the play; Walter Pater thought the play one of Shakespeare's best. The play has illicited abundant disagreement. The plot of Measure for Measure is an amalgm of several common stories such as the disguised ruler, the false magistrate and the monstrous ransom he demands, and the substite lover, contained particularly in the work of George Whetstone's Promos and Cassandra. Duke Vincentio of Vienna leaves that city to the charge of Angelo whose reputation is as stainless as his name suggests. The Duke's purpose is twofold: (1) Angelo's moral uptightness, put to power, may moderate Vienna's moral corruption. (2) Angelo himself will be tested, as well the corruption influence of power. Angelo begins his reign severely, condemning the death a young man, Claudio, for a moderate moral offense. Claudio has gotten with child a woman, Juliet, to whom he is formally contracted in marriage, though the ceremony has not been finalized because of complications concerning the dowry. Were Angelo consistent in his law, as he seems at first to intend, he might at least have dealt rightly with justice, though never understanding mercy. But Angelo fails even at consistency. When the virgin and holy Isabella, Claudio's sister, pleads to Angelo for Claudio's life, Angelo, for the first time in his life, experiences the powers of love. To his credit Angelo loves Isabella, who seems goodness personified. But to Angelo's discredit, his warped and withered sensibilities can manage from love only a carnal lust. Claudio's life will be spared if Isabella will render up her chaste body to Angelo's desires. The false magistrate thus demands his monstrous ransom. However, the ruler is at hand to work a solution to the dilemma. Disguised as a friar, Duke Vincentio learns of Isabella's plight and contrives with her to provide a substitute lover. One Mariana, a woman betrothed to Angelo but abandoned by him, agrees to take Isabella's place in the tryst, pretending to be Isabella. Conditions of the meeting-no light, little talk, short stay――facilitate the deception. The Duke, as friar, pronounces moral judgment on this act: It is no sin because it consummates a marriage contract. Angelo thus has his desires, as he thinks; yet he still betrays his agreement. Claudio must die. At the insistence of the disguised Duke, the Provost saves Claudio's life by sending to Angelo the head of another prisoner very like Claudio in looks. The trick works. All but the Duke and the Provost believe Claudio dead Isabella feels heartbroken and betrayed. The disguised Duke sends word he is returning to Vienna. Isabella stations herself at the gate, confronts the Duke, and pleads for justice. When Mariana and the Duke at last reveal Angelo's guilt, Isabella kneels with Mariana to plead that Angelo's life be spared. Claudio is brought forth, very much alive. The Duke grants pardon to all. He asks for Isabella's hand in marriage, as he enforces seveal other marriages. In Measure for Measure the 'seeming' motif gives substance to the central concern with hypocrisy in Vienna as a whole. In particular, the depth and full meaning of 'seeming' show clearest in Angelo's hypocrisy about his moral character. Angelo is first introduced as a man with a self-image of gravity, austerity, and self-rest-raint both by the Duke and Escalus. Then he is given a new role to play, that of the deputy for the Duke. Though the Duke speaks highly of Angelo in naming him his deputy he is in fact testing Angelo, as can be seen by the Duke's remarks to Friar Thomas at the close of Ⅰ. ⅲ. 50∼54. In this speech, the nature of Angelo's character is more specially defined. He is an austere, ascetic type; he is certainly not magnanimous or generous. It reveals a man compounded of strength and weakness. Angelo begins his reign severely, condemning to death a young man, Claudio, for a law(sex outside marriage is forbidden) offense. But Isabella's plead for Claudio's life is set off in Angelo's unconscious. With his soliloquy following his first interview with Isabella(Ⅱ.ⅱ. 177∼187), Angelo confesses his hypocrisy――his lust for Isabella overrides his empty words of virtue. When Angelo offers Isabella so monstrous a solution to her brother's difficulties, he goes beyond hypocrisy and purposes to commit the very crime for which his brand of justice claims Claudio's life. Especially Angelo who argues so convincingly about justice after he has treated Mariana so unfairly is regarded as a hypocrite. Angelo's profundity of character begins to drop off when he makes his bed bargain with Isabella. Henceforward, Angelo loses his attractiveness and becomes a common villain. During the course of the play, Angelo is morally guilty of lust and murderer and actually guilty of hypocrisy, meanness, and treachery.

복합유기용제 장기 노출자들의 골수충실도 평가를 위한 자기공명영상의 계량적 활용

정해관,최대섭,박건욱,윤환중,김정란,하경임,양승오,김양호 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.2

목 적 : 자기공명영상은 골수의 지방세포와 조혈세포간의 분퐁 차이를 신호강도 차이로 구분할 수 있어 골수 충성도에 대한 평가가 가능하다. 저자들은 유기용제에 장기간 노출된 조선업체 도장공 및 대조군을 대상으로 비참습적인 방법으로 골수 충실도를 평가하는 도구를 개발하기위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1998녀 8월부터 2000년 1월까지 조선소 도장공 중 1개 대학병원에서 유기용제 장기간 사용으로 인한 골수검사 결과 저세포성 골수로 진단 받은 환자 6명(남자 5명, 여자 1명; 평균연령 환자군 46.5세)을 대상으로 말초혈액이 혈액학적 검사, 골수검사 및 요추부 자기공명영상을 실시하였다. 대조군으로는 동일 병원에서 요추부 자기공명영상을 촬영한 환자 132명(남 67명, 여자 65명, 연령 평균 42.5세, 범위 30-59세)을 선정하였다. 요추부 자기공명영상은 T1 및 T2 강조영상의 시상 단면에서 제 12 흉추부터 제 1 천추사이의 추체에서 각반드시 신호강도를 기록하였다. 기준 부위로는 동일 단면의 척추주위근 및 지방조직의 산호강도를 이용하여 각 부위에서 측정한 신호강도를 나누어 골수 신호강도지표를 구하였다. 결 과 : 환자군의 골수 충실도는 20.33-33.6 %이었고 혈액검사상 백혈구수는 2,100-7,600/㎣이었다. 환자군과 대조군 모두에서 각 지표는 제 12흉추에서 아래로 내려갈수록 점차 감소하였다가 제 4 요추 이후 다시 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 환자군과 대조군간의 골수 신호강도지표를 비교하였을 때 T1 강조영상에서 척추주위근을 기준으로 한 골수 신호강도지표가 환자군과 대조군간의 차이를 가장 잘 반영하였으며 환자군이 모든 추체에서 유의하게 높았다. (p<0.05, p<0.01). 대조군의 골수 신호강도지표는 T1 강조영상이 척추주위근을 기준으로 측정하였을 때 여성에서 연령 증가에 따라 모든 측정점에서 골수 신호강도지표는 증가하는 양상을 보였으며 30대와 50대간의 차이는 유의하였다. (p<0.05, p<0.01). 성별에 따른 골수 신호강도지표는 근육을 기준으로 한 골수 신호강도지표에서는 보이지 않았으나 비장을 기준으로 한 골수 신호강도지표는 남녀간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. (p<0.05). 다변량 선형회귀분석에서 연령 및 성별을 보정하였을 때 T1 강조영상의 근육을 기준으로 한 골수 신호강도지표는 환자군에서 대조군에 비하여 제 1 천추에서 0.364 더 높았다. 제 1 천추의 T1 근육을 기준으로 한 골수 신호강도지표의 연령 성별 평균+1 표준편차를 기준으로 하였을 때 6명 중 5명이 그 이상이 분포를 보여 두 군간의 차이가 가장 뚜렷하였다. 결 론 : 저자들은 자기공명영상을 이용하여 골수 충실도를 평가하기 위한 지표를 개발하였고 정상 참고치를 제시하였다. 골수 신호강도지표는 지방조직 함량, 골밀도함께 칼슘 등의 영향을 동시에 반영하지만 이러한 영향을 적절히 보정할 경우 고위험집단에서 골수 충실도를 평가하는데 활용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 보다 좋은 지표의 개발을 위하여 충분한 표본수를 가진 저세포성 골수 환자집단을 대상으로 후속연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. Objectives : To develop a quantitative and noninvasive method of bone marrow cellularity evaluation in solvent exposed painters. Methods : Six painters (mean 46.5 years, 5 males and one female with hypocellular marrow, and 132 controls were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A full examination of the peripheral blood and a bone marrow biopsy was done on each patient. Signal intensities were measured at the vertebral bodies from T12 to S1 on both the T1 and the T2-weighted image (T1WI and T2WI). Signal indices were calculated by dividing the signal indeces of the vertebral bodies by that of the paraspinal muscle and the subcutaneous fat in the same view. Results : The Bone marrow cellularities of the cases painters were between 20.3 % and 33.6 %. Signal indices based on the muscle at T1WI were greater in the cases of the painters compared to those of the controls (p<0.05, p<0.01). Signal indices based on the muscle at T1WI were significantly higher in older women compared with men (p<0.05). After adjusting for age and gender, the signal index of cases at S1 based on muscle of T1WI was higher than that of the controls by 0.364. Five of the six cases had a muscle signal index at S1 of T1WI higher than the mean + 1 standard deviation for the same age group and gender. Conclusions : MR signal indices are influenced by constitutional factors such as fat content. bone density, and the presence of other pathology. However, after adequate adjustment, it can be used as a useful indicator of bone marrow cellularity in a high-risk population.