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Phenol 폐수(廢水)의 처리공법(處理工法) 개발(開發)에 관한 연구(硏究)
조광명,Cho, Kwang Myung 대한토목학회 1982 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.2 No.1
본(本) 연구(硏究)는 여과막(濾過膜) 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에 의하여 독성(毒性)이 있는 phenol 폐수(廢水)의 처리가능성(處理可能性)을 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 합성(合成) phenol 폐수(廢水)를 4 기(期)에 걸쳐 연속주입 하면서 실시한 실험결과에 의하면 과거의 연구결과와 마찬가지로 합성섬유(合成纖維)담요가 내구성(耐久性), SS 제거율(除去率), 폐수투과율(廢水透過率) 등(等)을 고려할 때 여과막(濾過膜)으로서 알맞는 재료(材料)이며, 반응조(反應槽)의 수온(水溫)이 $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$이하로 장시간 지속되면 여과막(濾過膜)의 폐수투과율(廢水透過率) 크게 감소된다는 것이 확인되었다. 여과막(濾過膜) 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에서는 반응조내(反應槽內)의 미생물(微生物) 농도(濃度)가 높게 유지될 수 있어 높은 유기물부하(有機物負荷)서도 F/M 비(比)가 낮게 되므로 높은 phenol 제거효율(除去效率)을 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 반응조가 정상적으로 운영된 경우 $63{\sim}468mg/{\ell}$의 유입수(流入水) phenol 농도에서 $0.1mg/{\ell}$ 이하의 유출수(流出水) phenol 농도를 보였다. 또한 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 미생물(微生物) 성장계수(成長係數)가 제거(除去)된 COD 1 kg 당 0.035~0.160 kg SS로서 다른 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에 비하여 매우 낮았으며 슬러지의 호기성(好機性) 소화시(消化時) 내호흡율(內呼吸率)의 온도보정계수(溫度補正係數)는 1.021로 관측되었다. The purpose of the research is to investigate the applicability of the filter activated sludge process for the treatment of toxic phenolic wastewaters. The experiment for the research was carried out by continuously feeding synthetic phenol wastewater for four periods, and the results show that a synthetic fiber filter is an adequate material for filter activated sludge process when taking consideration of durability, SS removal efficiency and wastewater permeability. The permeability of the filter sharply decreases when the temperature of the reactor is below $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ for a long period. In filter activated sludge process, even under high volumetric loading conditions, high phenol removal efficiencies can be attained due to the high microbial sludge concentration in the reactor and consequently low F/M ratio. In this research, the effluent phenol concentration were checked to be below $0.1mg/{\ell}$ at the influent phenol concentrations of $63{\sim}468mg/{\ell}$. During the research very low microbial yield coefficients, 0.035~0.160 kg SS/kg COD removed, were observed and the temperature coefficient for aerobic sludge digestion was measured to be 1.021.
부직포 여과막 생물반응조에서 알칼리도가 질산화 성능에 미치는 영향
배민수(Min Su Bae),안윤찬(Yoon Chan Ahn),장명배(Myung Bae Jang),조윤경(Yun Kyung Cho),조광명(Kwang Myeung Cho) 大韓環境工學會 2007 대한환경공학회지 Vol.29 No.7
부직포 여과막 생물반응조의 질산화 성능을 파악하기 위하여 주입폐수의 암모니아 농도를 54∼1,400 mg/L 그리고 알칼리도를 43∼10,480 mg/L로 변화시키면서 약 11시간의 체류시간에서 641일간 실험을 실시한 결과 반응조의 MLSS농도는 최초의 2,650 mg/L에서 830 mg/L까지 감소하였다가 최고 8,340 mg/L까지 증가함으로써 반응조의 용적부하는 0.120∼3.130 kg NH₃-N/m3-day의 범위에서 변하였으나 F/M 비는 0.067∼0.414 kg NH₃-N/kg MLSS-day의 적은 변화를 보였다. 각 실험단계별 평균 질산화 효율이 35.2∼100%로서, 최대 질산화율은 2.970 kg N/m3-day 또는 0.489 g N/g MLVSS-day로 나타났다. MLVSS의 질산화미생물 분율은 최초의 7.1%에서 최고 100%까지 변하였으나 부직포 여과막에 형성된 생물막의 경우에는 2.2%의 매우 낮은 값을 보였다. 미생물 성장계수는 0.117 g VSS/g N removed로 그리고 알칼리도 소모량은 평균 7.08 g alkalinity/g NOx-N produced로 측정되었다. 이러한 실험결과로 보아 부직포 여과막 생물반응조가 고농도 암모니아 폐수의 질산화에 적합한 공법으로 판단된다. To investigate the effects of alkalinity on the nitrification capability of the nonwoven fabric filter bioreactor(NFBR), an experiment was performed for 641 days at a hydraulic retention time of approximately 11 hours by changing the influent concentration of NH₃-N from 54 mg/L to 1,400 mg/L and alkalinity from 43 mg/L to 10,480 mg/L. The MLSS concentration reduced from an initial value of 2,650 mg/L down to 830 mg/L, then increased up to 8,340 mg/L. Though the volumetric loading rate varied in a range of 0.120∼3.130 kg NH₃-N/m3-day, the F/M ratio showed a narrow range of 0.067∼0.414 kg NH₃-N/kg MLSS-day. The average nitrification efficiency at each experimental stage resulted in the range of 35.2∼100%, and the maximum nitrification rate was 2.970 kg N/m3-day or 0.489 g N/g MLVSS-day. The nitrifiers` fraction of the MLVSS increased up to 100% from an initial value of 7.1% and the biofilm formed on the nonwoven fabric filter showed a very low nitrifiers` fraction of mere 2.2%. The growth yield of the MLSS and the alkalinity consumption rate were computed to be 0.117 g VSS/g N removed and 7.08 g alkalinity/g NOx--N produced, respectively. Results of the research suggest that NFBR could be an adequate process for nitrification of wastewaters with high ammonia concentrations.
이희자,조양석,조광명 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.1
Every year, 1.1 million tons of rice-hull are produced in South Korea by the by-product in pounding rice. But they has mainly been utilized as a fuel, agricultural compost and moisture proofs. So, it's very valuable to use waste rice-hull for activated carbon manufacture. SiO_2 content was the highest among inorganics in rice-hull. Therefore, the SiO_2 extraction experiments were carried out under the various conditions of pH 9 to 14, reaction time from 2 to 24 hrs and various temperature of 20 to 100℃. The results showed that increase in pH and temperature enhanced SiO_2 extraction from the carbonized rice-hull. The surface area of the carbonized rice-hull indicating activated carbon adsorption capacity was very small as 178∼191 ㎡/g at first. However, it was increased to 610∼675 ㎡/g when extracted in alkali solution at 100℃. When the mixing rate of carbonized rice-hull and NaOH was 1:1.5, iodine No. and surface area of activated rice-hull during 10 min at 700℃ were 1,650 ㎎/g and 1837 ㎡/g, respectively. Subsequently, an activated carbon with specific surface area of 1,300∼1,900㎡/g was manufactured in a short contact time of 10∼30 min with a mixing rate of 1:1.5 in carbonized rice-hull and NaOH, and iodine No. and specific surface area increased as the amount of SiO_2 removal increased.