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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Klintworth, (검색결과 5 건)
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Arms Control and Great-power Interests in the Korean Peninsula
( Gary Klintworth ) 한국국방연구원 1991 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.3 No.1
The end of the Cold War has led to the conclusion that Korea must be next. Arms control will not be easy in Korea, but nor will it be as difficult as many observers fear. Arms control in Korea could become an agenda item for a conference on security and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific. The revised strategic and economic priorities of the great powers involved in Northeast Asia, especially China and the USSR, are a positive force for the reduction of tension in the region and hence in Korea. There has been an enormous improvement in relations amongst China, the USSR and the US. Threat perceptions have dissipated. Sino/Soviet rapprochement has matched Sino/US and US/Soviet detente. Japan has relatively good relations with China and the US and there is prospect of improving its relations with the USSR. Not only do the great powers talk to each other, but they are acting, albeit informally, as a concert of powers who agree on the need to ease tension and improve the atmosphere for arms control and confidence building on the Korean peninsula. These developments have reduced North Korea`s options. Taken together with the weakness of the North Korean economy, South Korea`s confident economic and strategic outlook and the strength of a constant US/ROK military relationship, North Korea is being forced to change. The changes may seem small from the outside and perhaps they will not go far enough quickly enough. However, parallels of a collapsed regime like those in Eastern Europe may be premature. There does seem to be some new thinking taking place inside North Korea. Pyongyang is primarily concerned with the survival of an obsolete socialist system in the face of growing domestic and external pressures. In consequence, the use of force to reunify Korea has now probably been all but ruled out. While North Korea is looking for new options to break out of what has clearly become an untenable position, some analysts have concluded that this may prompt North Korea to develop nuclear weapons. Such a course may be part of the hidden agenda of unknown elements in North Korea. If confirmed, it would be very destabilizing for the region. There is therefore strong incentive for the USSR, the US, China and Japan to work together to solve the problem of North Korea`s insecurity. The aim of other regional countries, including Australia, should be to recognize North Korea`s predicament, albeit a largely self-created one, and work to encourage stability and transparency on the Korean peninsula while simultaneously encouraging confidence in Pyongyang about the benefits of change and of joining the rest of the Asia-Pacific community. This will be difficult in view of the rigidities that have been built into North Korean politics over the last 40 years. There would however appear to be few alternatives other than to work with the existing leadership in Pyongyang.
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Anger, Thomas,Klintworth, Nils,Stumpf, Christian,Daniel, Werner G.,Mende, Ulrike,Garlichs, Christoph D. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2007 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.40 No.6
Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERK) and Protein Kinase B (Akt) are intermediaries in relaying extracellular growth signals to intracellular targets. Each pathway can become activated upon stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors mediated by $G_q$ and $G_{i/o}$ proteins subjected to regulation by RGS proteins. The goal of the study was to delineate the specificity in which cardiac RGS proteins modulate $G_{q^-}$ and $G_{i/o}$-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation. To isolate $G_{q^-}$ and $G_{i/o}$-mediated effects, we exclusively expressed muscarinic $M_2$ or $M_3$ receptors in COS-7 cells. Western blot analyses demonstrated increase of phosphorylation of ERK 1.7-/3.3-fold and Akt 2.4-/6-fold in $M_{2^-}/M_{3^-}$ expressing cells through carbachol stimulation. In co-expressions, $M_3/G_q$-induced activation of Akt was exclusively blunted through RGS3s/RGS3, whereas activation of ERK was inhibited additionally through RGS2/RGS5. $M_2/G_{i/o}$ induced Akt activation was inhibited by all RGS proteins tested. RGS2 had no effect on $M_2/G_{i/o}$-induced ERK activation. The high degree of specificity in RGS proteins-depending modulation of $G_{q^-}$ and $G_{i/o}$-mediated ERK and Akt activation in the muscarinic network cannot merely be attributed exclusively to RGS protein selectivity towards $G_q$ or $G_{i/o}$ proteins. Counter-regulatory mechanisms and inter-signaling cross-talk may alter the sensitivity of GPCR-induced ERK and Akt activation to RGS protein regulation.
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