공무원의 개념과 구분 및 공무원법의 체계

김용섭 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2021 法學論集 Vol.26 No.1

공무원법은 전통적으로 행정법각론이나 특별행정법의 부분 영역으로 행정조직법의 하부 카테고리로 다루어 왔다. 그러나 오늘날 다수의 행정법학자는 공무원법을 행정조직법에서 분리하여 행정조직법과 병렬적으로 설명하는 경향이 있다. 공무원 개념은 그 자체가 다양한 법률에서 다의적인 의미로 사용하고 있다. 일반적으로 공무원은 직접 또는 간접적으로 국민에 의하여 선출되거나 임용되어 국가나 지방자치단체와 공법상 근무 관계하에 공권력을 행사하거나 공적 서비스를 제공하는 근로자를 의미한다. 국가공무원법상 특정직 공무원에 대하여는 열거하는 방식이지만 일반직 공무원의 경우에는 기술ㆍ연구 또는 행정일반에 대한 업무를 담당하는 공무원으로 되어 있어 구체적으로 일반직 공무원에 해당하는 경우가 명확하지 않는 문제가 있다. 공무원과 구별하여야 할 개념 중에 행정기관 담당자가 있다. 공무원은 행정조직법이나 직제에서 행정기관을 설치한 후에 그 기관의 담당자로 충원하는 것이 순서이다. 공무원은 현실의 행정조직을 구성하는 인적 요소로 행정조직을 위하여 활동하는 사람들을 의미하며, 행정주체와의 고용관계의 일종으로 파악하고 있다. 국가공무원에 해당하는지 여부의 기준으로는 ① 국가가 임명권자일 것 ② 국가의 사무를 처리할 것 ③ 원칙적으로 국가로부터 봉급을 받을 것이라는 3가지 징표를 토대로 판단하고 있다. 공무원법은 헌법상 공무원에 관한 규율과 더불어 기본법이면서 일반법인 국가공무원법, 지방공무원법과 특정직 공무원에 관한 개별 법률로 구성되어 있고, 동 법률에서 위임받거나 시행을 위한 공무원관계법령으로 이루어져 있다. 공무원관계법령은 헌법이 예정하는 대통령령, 총리령 및 부령 뿐만 아니라 자치법규인 조례와 규칙, 훈령과 예규, 고시 등 다양하다. 한편, 공무원에 관한 기준이나 내용이 제도의 핵심적 사항이거나 기본권 실현의 본질적 사항이 아니라면 대통령령에 위임하는 것이 폭넓게 허용된다. The Public Officials Act has traditionally been treated as a sub-category of the Administrative Organization Act as a part of administrative law or special administrative law. Today, however, many administrative law scholars tend to separate the Public Officials Act from the administrative organizations law and explain it in pararell with the administrative organization law. The concept of public official itself used in multiple ways according to various laws. In general, public officials refer to the workers who are directly or indirectly elected or appointed by the people to exercise public power or provide public services in accordance with the state or local government and the public law working system. According to the State Public Officials Act, public officials in specific positions are listed. In the case of public officials in general positions, however, there is a problem in that the concept is not specific and clear in some cases as they are defined as public officials taking charge of technology, research or general administrative affairs. As a concept to be distinguished from the concept of public official, there may be the concept of staff of an administrative agency under the Administrative Organization Act. In general, public officials are filled according to the organization plan after an administrative agency is established under the Administrative Organization Act. Public officials, as human factors constituting real administrative organizations, refer to those who work for administrative organizations, and are understood as those who are in employment relationships with administrative entities. Whether a person is a state public official or not is judged based on three criteria: ① the person is appointed by the state, ② the person handles the affairs of the state, and ③ the person, in principle, will receive salary from the state. The Public Officials Act is a basic law along with the rules on public officials under the Constitution, and consists of the State Public Officials Act, the Local Public Officials Act, the laws regarding the public officials in specific positions, and other public officials-related laws and enforcement regulations for enforcing or entrusted by these acts and laws. Public officials related laws and regulations are diverse, including not only the Presidential Decree, the Prime Minister's Ordinance, and the Ministerial Ordinance stipulated by the Constitution, but also the local governments’ self-governing laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, public announcements, etc. On the other hand, the standards or contents of public officials are widely delegated to the Presidential Decree, unless they are the core of the system or essential to the realization of basic rights.

구조적 손상을 입은 철근콘크리트 보의 보강 효과에 관한 연구

김정섭,신용석,김경옥 朝鮮大學校 建設技術硏究所 2006 建設技術硏究 Vol.26 No.1

This study conducted bending experiment to examine reinforcing effects after preloading of reinforced concrete by reinforcing materials and obtained the following conclusions. To sum up experimental results, it was found that CFS reinforced specimens were excellent in improving bending force and ductility capacity and CB reinforced specimen showed higher reinforcing effects. GFS reinforced specimen had lower reinforcing effects due to lower attachment than fiber reinforced material CFS. GSP reinforced specimen had larger internal force than other reinforced specimens, but it showed the lowest reinforce effects due to its low attachment to concrete and GSP reinforcing specimen showed the same or higher reinforcing effects than other reinforcing materials if its attachment to concrete is improved.

로스쿨에서의 실무역량강화를 위한 커리큘럼(교육과정)의 개선과제

김용섭 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2013 法學論集 Vol.18 No.2

로스쿨의 성공여부는 그 커리큘럼이 우수한 법률가를 양성하는데 손색없이 구성되어 있으며, 교육내용이 얼마나 충실하게 이루어지는지 여부에 달려 있다. 로스쿨 교육이 3년간의 단기이면서 법학의 지식이 부족한 로스쿨생에게 실무교육을 내실화 해야 하기 때문에 법이론의 기초부터 실무적인 교육까지 과연 3년 안에 제대로 된 교육이 가능할 것인가 하는 비관론이 있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 법령과 인가기준에 비추어 로스쿨에서의 필수과목의 학점이 35학점에 그치고 있어 실무적인 역량을 배양할 수 있는 커리큘럼이 편성되어 있다고 보기 어렵다는 비판론이 팽배해 있다. 그런데 로스쿨의 교육에 있어 학사관리가 엄격히 이루어 지지 않을 경우에는, 경쟁률이 매우 낮은 변호사시험에 합격하여 법조사회로 진출하게 되므로 로스쿨 출신 변호사에 대한 사회적 신뢰가 악화되는 문제점이 야기될 수 있다. 현재 3년의 로스쿨 재학기간동안 로스쿨별로 다양한 커리큘럼이 마련되어 있는 것 같이 보이지만 일부 특성화 프로그램을 제외하고는 25개 로스쿨이 대동소이한 커리큘럼을 운영하고있다. 로스쿨에서 필수과목이 35학점에 불과하여 변호사로 활동함에 있어 반드시 필수적으로 수강하여야 하는 행정구제법, 불법행위법, 형사증거법, 민사집행법, 각종 소송실무과목이 대부분의 로스쿨의 선택과목으로 되어 있어, 변호사로 활동함에 중요한 과목조차 제대로 이수하지 않고 로스쿨을 졸업하는 학생이 적지 않은 실정이다. 이러한 중요과목들을 이수할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 필수과목학점을 60학점이 상으로 상향하거나 현행의 필수과목이외에 필수선택과목제도를 마련할 수 있도록 커리큘럼에 관한 인가기준을 완화하고 지나치게 학생의 자율에 맡기고 지나치게 선택과목이 많은 커리큘럼의 기본틀을 전면 재조정할 필요가 있다. 나아가 엄격한 상대평가제를 내용으로 하는 학사관리강화방안을 대안 없이 완화할 것이 아니라, 현재 일본에서 검토하고 있는 공통도달도 확인시험과 같은 유형의 시험을 도입하면서 학사관리강화방안을 점차 완화할 필요가 있다. 우리의 경우 로스쿨협의회 차원에서 1학년에서 2학년으로 올라가는 단계에서 공통적인 유급여부 판정을 위한 평가시험을 치르도록 하여 로스쿨 교육의 질적 수준을 유지함과 아울러 로스쿨 입학 이전에도 법학에 대한 충분한 준비를 하고 입학할 수 있도록 유도하여 로스쿨의 교육이 실무역량을 강화하는 방향으로 나아가도록 하는데 기여할 것이다. 끝으로, 로스쿨별로 교과목을 개설하더라도 다양한 교수법이 동원되지만 변호사시험 과목을 중심으로 교과목의 중요한 핵심사항인 공통적 도달목표인 최소한도의 기준(minimal standard)을 정하여 시행할 필요가 있다. Success of law school depends how well its curriculum is constructed to be suitable for educating excellent lawyers and how substantial the contents of education is. While the education period of law school is as short as 3 years, law school students relatively lack of law knowledge should be substantially taught jon training. Accordingly, there are many pessimistic views about whether the extensive education ranging from theories of law to job training can be well performed for such a short period. In addition, there are many criticisms that the current law school curriculum is not told to be formed to enable cultivation of practical competence because even the current laws and law school authorization standards provide for only 35 credits for required subjects. In the meantime, if educational affairs are not exactly administered at law school, a great issue may be caused resulting in loss of people’s reliability on law school graduate lawyers, as law school graduates can easily pass the examination for the bar whose competitive rate is very low. It seems that law schools have set up a variety of curricula for the 3 year period, but except for some specialized programs, 25 law schools operate almost same curricula. Required subjects of law school are given only 35 credits, and many important subjects such as Administrative Remedies Act, Injunctions in Tort Act, Police and Criminal Evidence Act, Civil Execution Act, various litigation practice subjects, etc. which are required to be necessarily taught to serve as a lawyer are classified as elective subjects at most law schools. Accordingly, it is real that not a few students graduate from law schools without completing even the subjects required for serving as a lawyer. In order to enable law school students to complete such important subjects, credits of required subjects shall be raised to more than 60 units, or the fundamental curriculum frame excessively allowing students self-control and elective subjects shall be wholly adjusted to enable law schools to introduce the required elective subjects system, even through mitigation of the current law school authorization standards. In addition, the current plan for intensifying administration of educational affairs focusing on the strict normative evaluation system shall not be mitigated without an alternative. The educational affairs administration of law school is required to be gradually mitigated only after introduction of a proven test system such as the common achievement evaluation test currently reviewed in Japan. In korea, it is recommended that the Law School Council administer an evaluation test to select flunkers for the first grade students to advance to the second grade, so as to keep the quality level of law school education and induce law school applicants to make enough preparation for law before entering law school. In the end, it will greatly contribute to advancement of law school education in the direction to step up practical competence. Finally, even though subjects are set up by individual law schools and teaching methods are different each other, it is recommended to set a minimal standard to be commonly satisfied at least for each of the subjects included in the examination for the bar.

전방십자인대 재건술후 등속 운동처방이 대퇴부 기능적 활성과 근 혈류속도에 미치는 효과

김유섭,김동희,장용우,문채련 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

This study was to examine the effect of isokintic exercise prescription on thigh functional activity and muscle blow flow velocity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Subjects were twelve male patients. Test group were classified into isokinetice exercise group(seven male) and physical therapy group(five male). Ioskinetic exercise group(I.E.G) was exercised six times a weeks for eight week by using the isokinetic exercise in kin-com. Physical therapy group(P.T.G) were devoted oneself to one's physical therapy. Thigh strength showed significant increase in I.E.G and P.T.G especially I.E.G showed high(p<0.000) increase of 226.7% (quadriceps), 115.8% (hamstrings) compare with initial activity ratio. Cross sectional area of thigh showed significant (p<0.0001) increase of 3.65% in I.E.G Blood flow velocity showed significant(p<0.0001) increase of -18.8% in of I.E.G during 8week isokinetic exercise. Correlation among each variable showed closely connected. According to this results. after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. isokinetic exercise prescription will selected adaption of angle velocity from middle speed to high speed according to activity of muscle function.

초음파속도법을 이용한 혼화재 및 섬유 사용 콘크리트의 압축강도 추정에 관한 연구

김정섭,신용석,노성열 朝鮮大學校 建設技術硏究所 2007 建設技術硏究 Vol.27 No.1

This study aims to estimate strength approximate to actual concrete strength by presenting appropriate non-destructive strength estimation expression with admixtures such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume which are used as cement substitute and polypropylene fiber and steel fiber and owing to their s of cement owing to their equal conditions to blending characteristics of concrete used for domestic structures and their recyclable properties. In case of ultrasound velocity, equation by Japanese Architecture Society was estimated 4%~11% higher than destructive strength till 60 days of age, but as age progresses, i is estimated to 15% lower than destructive strength and remaining suggested equation was estimated 3%~27% lower than destructive strength in almost age. As a result of comparing error rates between conventional suggested equations and this estimation equations, there are a little differences by age, but error rate of this study was reduced to 0.6%~18.6% by ultrasound velocity method and it is judged that it is desirable to be used for concrete using admixture and fiber

순환골재를 사용한 콘크리트 보의 구조적 특성에 관한 연구

김정섭,신용석,노성열 朝鮮大學校 建設技術硏究所 2007 建設技術硏究 Vol.27 No.1

This study identified materials and dynamic characteristics of reclaimed aggregates affecting reinforced concrete through materials and supplementary tests to use broken red bricks and waste concrete as substitutes of concrete and obtained the following results. As a result of the bending specimen test according to types of reclaimed aggregates, it was found that when normal concrete was compared with reclaimed concrete. RBA 30% specimen showed 99-104% of yield load and RCA 30% specimen showed 102-104% of yield load, which were the yield load and the largest yield load of normal concrete. Therefore, it is believed that RBA 30% and RCA 30% specimens has almost similar bending strength to ormal concrete. To sum up the results of material and supplementary tests, the mixed aggregates showed almost the same compressive strength and bending strength compared to that of normal concrete when 30% of broken red bricks and waste concrete were mixed. So this study suggests that they can be applied as thick aggregates.

Vinyl腐蝕法에 依한 在來山羊 脾柱靜脈의 區域的 走行에 關한 硏究

金鍾涉,金武剛,金容根,元鳳來 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

The studies were conducted to observe the segmental running of splenic trabecular veins, employing the vinylite corrosion technique in sixty adult Korean goats, and the following results were obteined: 1. The splenic trabecular veins of the goat were collected into 5 chief Rami of the splenic veins(called Rr. superior, media et inferior, Vv. polares superior et inferior), and the splenic parenchyma was divided into 3-8 intralienal venous segments by the course of trabecular veins. 2. Each intralienal venous segment was divided into 2-4 minute segments, therefore 7-22 minute segments were observed in the spleen. 3. The anastomoses were found between segments or minute segments. 4. The splenic arterial and venous system of the Korean goat took a individual course in the splenic parenchyma respectively.

화학공정 위험영향 평가기술에서의 다중요소분석기법을 이용한 사고시나리오 산정에 관한 전략

김구회,이동언,김용하,안성준,윤인섭 한국화재소방학회 2001 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.15 No.4

현재 전세계적으로 공장내(on-site)뿐만 아니라 공장외지역(off-site)에 대한 사고영향평가의 필요성이 대두되고 있으며, 공장외지 역에 대한 영향평가 수행후 이에 대한 적절한 비상계획을 제출하도록 하고 있고, 국내에서도 종합적위험관리체계(IRMS ; Integrated Risk Management System)를 PSM이나 SMS와 더불어 시행 준비중에 있다. 그러나 공장외지 역에 대한 위험영향 평가시 가장 먼저 결정되어야할 가상시나리오에 대한 기준이 체계적으로 마련되어 있지 않아 사용자나 분석자에 따라 평가결과가 다양하게 나오며, 또한 공정에서 발생할 수 있는 사고의 이상원을 정확하게 파악하지 못한다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 가상시나리오를 결정하는데 필요한 공정요소를 분석한 후, 분석결과에 따라 발생 가능하고, 먼저 고려되어야 할 시나리오를 산정할 수 있도록 전략을 제시하고자 한다. 분석된 공정요소들은 요소에 따른 가중치를 부여하여 위험등급을 결정한 후 등급에 따른 위험영향 평가를 수행하도록 한다. 분석의 결과는 가상시나리오의 신뢰성을 향상시킴으로써 위험영향평가가 과대평가되는 것을 방지하고, 공정의 설계나 비상계획의 수립시 효과적이고 적절한 대책마련을 유도할 수 있다. This article proposes a strategy for producing accident scenarios in quantitative risk, which is performed in process design or operation steps. Present worldwide chemical processes need offsite risk assessment as well as on-site one. Most governments in the world require industrial companies to submit the proper emergency plans through off-site risk assessment. Korea is also preparing for executing Integrated Risk Management System along with PSM and SMS. However, there have been no systematic approaches and criteria for generating virtual accident scenarios, and it made impossible to get a unified or coherent assessment resell. Without the result, causes of accidents cannot be corralled precisely, To get over these shortcomings, this study analyzed process elements and then proposed a strategy for selecting and generating the accident scenario that is most likely to happen and should be foremost considered. The analyzed process elements are ranked and risk grades determined. According to the grades, risk assessment is performed. The result of analysis enhances the reliability of the generated risk scenario, and prevents some risks from being overestimated. The result should be helpful in process design and emergency planning. Keywords : Off-site risk assessment, Risk management program, Worst case scenario, ES(Equipment Screening) Method, Accident scenario selection

Diazepam과 Lidocaine이 노인환자의 기관내삽관시 심전도 및 심맥관계에 미치는 영향

김경희,권성범,신용섭,최세진 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1995 충남의대잡지 Vol.22 No.1

We selected at random 30 geriatric patients who had received operation under the general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. The patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (control) had received endotracheal intubation without diazepam and lidocaine. Group 2 had received endotracheal intubation with diazepam. Group 3 had received endotracheal intubation with lidocaine. The changes of arterial blood pressure and pulse rate, and the appearance of arrhythmia were compared in each group. The results were as follows : 1. The increase of blood pressure and heart rate were less in group 2, 3 than the control group which showed significant increase of blood pressure and heart rate with endotracheal intubation. 2. The incidence of arrhythmias with endotracheal intubation was less in group 2(20%), group 3(50%) than the control group(80%). 3. The electrocardiographic change in the group 2 and 3 were not significant compared to group 1(control).

요관결석 환자에서 강성요관경하 제석술과 요관절석술에 대한 임상적 고찰

김홍섭,황선태,노용수,양상국,박치영 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1995 건국의과학학술지 Vol.5 No.-

Patients with ureteral calculi may be managed by expectant, invasive, or noninvasive treatments, depending on the stone composition, size and location, expectations of the patients, and experience of the surgeon. Currently ureteroscopic removal of stone(URS) has been popularly used for the treatment of ureteral calculi. From January 1992 to December 1994,we retrospectively compared the clinical results of 87 URS's to those of 31 ureterolithotomies and analysed the factors that affect the result of URS. The clinical results of two groups were summarized as follows The mean stone size was 7.6㎜ in URS group and 12.1㎜ in ureterolithotomy group. In 81.6% of URS group, the stone was located in the lower ureter and 71% of ureterolithotomy group in the upper ureter. The mean operation time, hospital stay and costs of the URS group, 96.6% of the stone were removed or disintegrated. There was no statistical significance in the success rate of URS along the sex difference, the location and size of stone. However, the higher the location of stone was, the more operation time spent. The complication rate of URS was estimated 26.5% but most of complications were resolved by conservative management. We conclusively suggest that the URS is the acceptable alternative modality of the ureterolithotomy for the treatment of the ureteral calculi.