안명근의 생애와 독립운동

이동언 남북문화예술학회 2008 남북문화예술연구 Vol.0 No.2

필자는 본고에서 안중근의 사촌인 안명근의 생애와 활동에 대해 살펴보 았다. 안명근은 1879년 황해도 해주에서 태어나 성장하였다. 그는 1897년 신천 청 계동에서 부친 안태현과 함께 천주교에 입교하였다. 안중근의 종제로 어려서부터 안중근의 영향을 일정하게 받은 것으로 보인다. 그는 안악면학회와 해서교육총회 회원으로 교육구국운동에 참여하였다. 안명근은 안중근이 영어의 몸이 되자 그를 돕기 위해 불철주야로 뛰었다. 빌렘신부가 안중근에게 최후의 미사를 할 수 있었 던 것도 그의 노력의 결과였다. 일제가 한국을 강점하자 안명근은 장차 독립전쟁 을 위해 간도에 무관학교를 설립하기 위해 군자금 모금운동을 전개하다가 일경에 체포되었다. 일제는 양기탁사건·105인사건 등을 연계시켜 사건을 확대·날조하 여 민족운동자들을 탄압하였다. 이러한 과정 속에서 안명근은 경성형무소에서 15 년간 옥고를 치른 후 1924년 석방된 후 중국으로 망명하였다. 그는 독립운동을 계 속하다가 1927년 길림성 依蘭縣 八湖里에서 병으로 순국하였다.

앨런 코쿤(Allen Colquhoun)의 건축이론에 재활성화 하기 위한 시론

이동언 한국건축역사학회 1998 건축역사연구 Vol.7 No.1

1910~20년대 중국동북지역 항일무장투쟁과 서일

이동언 국학연구소 2021 국학연구 Vol.25 No.-

이 글은 1910〜20년대에 펼쳐진 중국동북지역항일투쟁을 서일이라는 인물 을 중심으로 전개한 논문이다. 서일은 1911년 3월 북간도로 넘어온 대종 교들과 함께 중광단을 결성하고 단장으로 추대되었다. 이후 서일의 중광단은 공교도의 일부와 협력하여 대한정의단으로 발전하면서 보다 조직적인 독립운동을 준비하였다. 대한정의단의 총재였던 서일은 김좌진, 조성환 등 군사 전문가들이 주축이 되어 결성된 길림군정사와 협력하여 대한군정서로 발전시키고 1920년 10월 청산리 전투를 승리로 이끌었다. 특히 서일이 중광단을 결성하고 대한군정서로 발전시키면서 독립운동의 전면에 나서기로 한 것은 대종교 투쟁목표와 밀접한 관계가 있다. 서일의 독립운동은 한국 의 독립뿐 아니라 대종교가 추구한 이상국가 건설과도 연결되었기 때문이다. It was after 1911 Seo-Il officially started his Independence Movement. With Daejonggyo that have come to north Gando, he formed Junggwangdan in March of 1911, and was voted the leader. Junggwangdan prepared for a more organized Independence Movement by evolving as a DaeHanJeongEiDan by working together with parts of Gonggyodo. As the president of DaeHanJeongEiDan, Seo-Il collaborated with Gilrimgunjeongsa, which was formed mainly by military experts like Kim Joa Jin and Cho Seong Hwan, and renamed to DaeHanGunJeongSeo and executed their Independence Movement. DaeHanGunJeongSeo led Cheongsanli combat to a victory in October, 1920. In an effort to avoid the chase of the Japanese who has lost in Cheongsanli combat, Seo-Il relocated TaeHanGunJeongSeo to MilSan, a land of SoMan, and was appointed the president of a coalition consisted of DaeHandokripgun, DaeHangukminhoe and over ten other organizations. While recovering from a wound of JaYusichambyeon and preparing for the next step in MilSan, he was ambushed by hundreds of thieves on August 26th, 1921, and thus took his own life the next day as he felt deeply responsible as the leader. Seo-Il’s decision to form Junggwangdan and stand at the forefront of the Independence Movement has a close relationship with Goals for struggle of Daejonggyo. Seo-Il’s Independence Movement is linked not only to Korea’s Independence but also to Daejonggyo’s establishment of an ideal country. In order to do so, it was necessary to have the resistance spirit of fighting back for the country’s independence, and research and execution for religious perfection. Seo-Il was executing the philosophy of SuJeonbyeonghaeng.

임오교변 발단 배경과 일제의 탄압

이동언 국학연구소 2022 국학연구 Vol.26 No.-

이 논문은 1942년에 일어난 임오교변 발단배경과 일제의 대종교 탄압 전말을 밝히고자한 글이다. 중일전쟁과 태평양전쟁을 일으켜 제국주의 침략 야욕을 드러낸 일제는 동남아시아 지역으로 진출하기 위해 중국동 북지역 일대의 항일민족세력을 척결하지 않으면 안되었다. 중국동북지역 에서 일제가 주목한 점은 첫째, 길림성 영안현 동경성내에 있는 대종교 계 3ᆞ1학원의 민족교육 둘째, 안희제의 발해농장의 경제활동 셋째, 발 해국 궁궐터에 대종교 교당 천진전과 대종학원 설립 넷째, 일제 밀정들의 대종교 지도자 언행에 대한 조사보고 등이다. 임오교변은 1942년 일제가 대대적으로 대종교 간부들을 체포하고 탄 압한 사건이다. 임오교변 당시 국내에서는 조선어학회사건이 일어나 순 수한 한글연구마저 독립운동으로 간주되어 한글학자들이 대대적인 탄압 을 받고 체포되었다. 임오교변이 일어나게 된 직접적인 동기는 당시 서 울 조선어학회에서 활동하던 이극로가 대종교 3세 교주 윤세복에게 보낸 편지에 동봉된 「널리펴는 말」이란 제목의 원고를 일제가 검열과정에서 조작하여 일으킨 것이다. 임오교변은 조선어학회사건의 연장선에서 일어 났으며 전시체제하에서 일제가 국내외 독립운동세력을 대대적으로 탄압한 사건이다. Having expressed vicious ambition by starting Second Sino-Japanese War and Pacific War, Japan had to eradicate anti-Japanese cultural forces around the northern part of China in order to proceed into Southeast Asia. Im-O-Gyo-Byun was an incident that happened in 1942 to extensively oppress Daejonggyo. At the time in Korea, many scholars of the Korean language were oppresed and arrested because pure academic Korean research was being considered as part of the Independence Movement. The immediate motivation why Im-O-Gyo-Byun occurred was because Dr. Geukro Lee, who was working for the Korean Language Society of Seoul, wrote a letter to Se-Bok Yun, the 3rd leader of Daejonggyo, and inside was a wiring named ‘널리펴는 말 (Words to be Spread Wide)' that was altered by the Japanese. Im-O-Gyo-Byun was a continuation of the Korean Language Society Incident where Japan oppressed domestic and international Independence Movement forces extensively while on a war footing.

근접 분리관계 로 본 한국 남부지방 민가

이동언 대한건축학회 1985 大韓建築學會論文集 Vol.1 No.1

Equivalence ratio variation and combustion instability in hybrid rocket

이동언,이창진 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.10

In this paper, a series of combustion tests using PMMA/O2 was conducted to examine the initiating characteristics of low frequency instability (LFI) in relation to the changes in both flow and combustion conditions. By selecting parameters such as the oxidizer mass flow rate, fuel grain length, and mixing ratio of mixture oxidizer composed of oxygen and nitrogen; combustion tests were conducted to vary the equivalence ratio in the combustion. This study further validated instability characteristics in connection with coupling behavior between the high frequency pressure and heat release oscillations in 500 Hz band. Based on the results, a combustion stability map was plotted and it shows that the initiation of LFI is contingent upon the satisfaction of specific conditions of flow and combustion. The results also confirmed that the initiation of LFI is highly linked to an establishment of a positive coupling between high frequency pressure and heat release oscillations. In addition, equivalence ratio was found to be a critical factor in the transition of coupling status between the two high frequency oscillations. For a given flow condition, the sole increase in equivalence ratio above a certain threshold resulted in the phase shift between the two oscillations leading to a positive coupling or vice versa.

의료영상 분야를 위한 설명가능한 인공지능 기술 리뷰

이동언,박춘수,강정운,김민우 대한의용생체공학회 2022 의공학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been studied in various fields of medical imaging. Currently, top-notch deep learning (DL) techniques have led to high diagnostic accuracy and fast computation. However, they are rarely used in real clinical practices because of a lack of reliability concerning their results. Most DL models can achieve high performance by extracting features from large volumes of data. However, increasing model complexity and nonlin- earity turn such models into black boxes that are seldom accessible, interpretable, and transparent. As a result, sci- entific interest in the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is gradually emerging. This study aims to review diverse XAI approaches currently exploited in medical imaging. We identify the concepts of the methods, introduce studies applying them to imaging modalities such as computational tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endoscopy, and lastly discuss limitations and challenges faced by XAI for future studies.

New Termination-of-Resuscitation Models and Prognostication in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Using Electrocardiogram Rhythms Documented in the Field and the Emergency Department

이동언,이미진,안재윤,류현욱,박정배,김원영,신상도,황성오 대한의학회 2019 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.34 No.17

Background: Electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythms, particularly shockable rhythms, are crucial for planning cardiac arrest treatment. There are varying opinions regarding treatment guidelines depending on ECG rhythm types and documentation times within pre-hospital settings or after hospital arrivals. We aimed to determine survival and neurologic outcomes based on ECG rhythm types and documentation times. Methods: This prospective observational study of 64 emergency medical centers was performed using non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest registry data between October 2015 and June 2017. From among 4,608 adult participants, 4,219 patients with pre-hospital and hospital ECG rhythm data were enrolled. Patients were divided into 3 groups: those with initial-shockable, converted-shockable, and never-shockable rhythms. Patient characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between groups. Further, termination of resuscitation (TOR) validation was performed for 6 combinations of TOR criteria confirmed in previous studies, including 2 rules developed in the present study. Results: Total survival to discharge after cardiac arrest was 11.7%, and discharge with good neurologic outcomes was 7.9%. Survival to discharge rates and favorable neurologic outcome rates for the initial-shockable group were the highest at 35.3% and 30.2%, respectively. There were no differences in survival to discharge rates and favorable neurologic outcome rates between the converted-shockable (4.2% and 2.0%, respectively) and never-shockable groups (5.7% and 1.9%, respectively). Irrespective of rhythm changes before and after hospital arrival, TOR criteria inclusive of unwitnessed events, no pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation, and asystole in the emergency department best predicted poor neurologic outcomes (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.911) with no patients classified as Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 (specificity = 1.000). Conclusion: Survival outcomes and TOR predictions varied depending on ECG rhythm types and documentation times within pre-hospital filed or emergency department and should, in the future, be considered in treatment algorithms and prognostications of patients with out- of-hospital cardiac arrest.

맥락주의를 건축이론화 하기 위한 시도(1)

이동언,Lee, Dong-Eon 한국건축역사학회 1999 건축역사연구 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to apply Stephen C. Pepper's contextualism to architecture: to interpret the former in the light of architectural theory, and ultimately to liberate architecture from the Western 'Idea' and return it to its context. The major concepts of Pepper used in the paper are quality, texture, spread, change, fusion, strand and context. Pepper's contextualism makes us realize that architecture cannot be separated from its context where human beings, history, neighborhood, and nature are all interpenetrating, and create a quality. Contextualism thus teaches us to make an effort to understand the region where we belong, and to create an architectural device that interrelates form and function of an architecture with its space-time environment, or its strand, texture and context.

머신러닝을 이용한 내장형 소프트웨어의 동시성 오류 탐지 방안 설계 및 구현

이동언,김지원,진정훈,조규태 한국정보과학회 2022 정보과학회논문지 Vol.49 No.5

Unlike general-purpose software, embedded software is designed by optimizing hardware for a specific purpose, so it is important to satisfy the target performance in a limited environment. Embedded software is increasing significantly in scale and complexity compared to the past. As the scale and complexity increase, the types of errors that occur in the software also diversify. Among them, there are many issues regarding concurrency errors that may occur between complex software modules. To detect concurrency errors in such embedded software, we have previously relied on manual input from the user. However, in this study, we propose a machine learning-based concurrency error detection tool (MCED) using SVM and deep learning. 내장형 소프트웨어(embedded software)는 범용 소프트웨어와는 다르게 특정 목적에 맞게 하드웨어를 최적화하여 설계하기 때문에 제한된 환경에서의 목표하는 성능을 만족시키는 것이 중요하다. 오늘날 내장형 소프트웨어는 규모와 복잡도가 과거에 비해 크게 증가하고 있다. 규모와 복잡도가 커짐에 따라 소프트웨어에 발생하는 오류의 형태도 다양해지는데 그 중 복잡해진 소프트웨어 모듈 사이에서 발생가능한 동시성 오류(concurrency error)에 대한 이슈가 많다. 이러한 내장형 소프트웨어의 동시성 오류를 검출하기 위해 기존에는 사용자의 수동 입력에 의존하였으나, 본 논문에서는 SVM과 딥러닝을 활용한 머신 러닝 기반의 동시성 오류 탐지 도구(MCED)를 제안한다.