남송(南宋) 륙유(陸游) 차자문(劄子文) 소고(小考) -「대걸분병취산동차자(代乞分兵取山東劄子)」와 「상이부론도읍차자(上二府論都邑劄子)」를 중심으로

이기훈 ( Lee¸ Kihoon ) 한국중국산문학회 2020 중국산문연구집간 Vol.10 No.-

In the text above, the definition of Zhaziwen, the characteristics of Zhaziwen in Southern Song Dynasty, and the stylistic features of Lu You Zhaziwen were discussed. Lu You, also known as a patriotic poet, is not the only expression of his ideas in poetry. His prose works, especially those of government officials, and his participation in various political issues, are more deeply imbued with his ideas. With this premise, I analyzed the Zhaziwen of his reading. First of all, through the two sentences covered in this book, the stylistic characteristics of the Zhaziwen text can be summarized in several ways: First, it is as formal as possible when posting to the emperor or superior. Second, let's look at the opponent's arguments first. Third, since it is an official document, the basis of logic is essential.

문맥 표현과 셀프 어텐션을 이용한 한국어 영화평 감성 분석

박천음(Cheoneum Park),이동헌(Dongheon Lee),김기훈(Kihoon Kim),이창기(Changki Lee),김현기(Hyunki Kim) 한국정보과학회 2019 정보과학회논문지 Vol.46 No.9

감성 분석은 특정 대상에 대한 의견을 수집하고 분류하는 과정이다. 그러나 자연어에 포함된 사람의 주관을 파악하는 일은 어려운 일로써, 기존의 감성 단어 사전이나 확률 모델은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 어려웠으나 딥 러닝의 발전으로 문제 해결을 시도할 수 있게 됐다. 셀프 어텐션(self-attention)은 주어진 입력열 자신에 대하여 어텐션을 계산하고 가중치 합으로 문맥 벡터를 만들어 모델링하는 방법이며, 문맥상 비슷한 의미를 가진 단어들 간에 높은 가중치가 계산되는 효과가 있다. 본 논문에서는 사전 학습된 문맥 표현을 한국어 감성 분석에 활용하고, 셀프 어텐션으로 모델링하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험 결과, NSMC의 경우 정확도 89.82%, 다음카카오의 경우 92.25%의 성능을 보였다. Sentiment analysis is the processing task that involves collecting and classifying opinions about a specific object. However, it is difficult to grasp the subjectivity of a person using natural language, so the existing sentimental word dictionaries or probabilistic models cannot solve such a task, but the development of deep learning made it possible to solve the task. Self-attention is a method of modeling a given input sequence by calculating the attention weight of the input sequence itself and constructing a context vector with a weighted sum. In the context, a high weight is calculated between words with similar meanings. In this paper, we propose a method using a modeling network with self-attention and pre-trained contextualized embedding to solve the sentiment analysis task. The experimental result shows an accuracy of 89.82%.

Striatal Transcriptome and Interactome Analysis of <i>Shank3</i> -overexpressing Mice Reveals the Connectivity between Shank3 and mTORC1 Signaling

Lee, Yeunkum,Kim, Sun Gyun,Lee, Bokyoung,Zhang, Yinhua,Kim, Yoonhee,Kim, Shinhyun,Kim, Eunjoon,Kang, Hyojin,Han, Kihoon Frontiers Media S.A. 2017 Frontiers in molecular neuroscience Vol.10 No.-

<P>Mania causes symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, elevated mood, reduced anxiety and decreased need for sleep, which suggests that the dysfunction of the striatum, a critical component of the brain motor and reward system, can be causally associated with mania. However, detailed molecular pathophysiology underlying the striatal dysfunction in mania remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the molecular pathways showing alterations in the striatum of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3)-overexpressing transgenic (TG) mice that display manic-like behaviors. The results of transcriptome analysis suggested that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling may be the primary molecular signature altered in the <I>Shank3</I> TG striatum. Indeed, we found that striatal mTORC1 activity, as measured by mTOR S2448 phosphorylation, was significantly decreased in the <I>Shank3</I> TG mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. To elucidate the potential underlying mechanism, we re-analyzed previously reported protein interactomes, and detected a high connectivity between Shank3 and several upstream regulators of mTORC1, such as tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1), TSC2 and Ras homolog enriched in striatum (Rhes), via 94 common interactors that we denominated “Shank3-mTORC1 interactome”. We noticed that, among the 94 common interactors, 11 proteins were related to actin filaments, the level of which was increased in the dorsal striatum of <I>Shank3</I> TG mice. Furthermore, we could co-immunoprecipitate Shank3, Rhes and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 1 (WAVE1) proteins from the striatal lysate of <I>Shank3</I> TG mice. By comparing with the gene sets of psychiatric disorders, we also observed that the 94 proteins of Shank3-mTORC1 interactome were significantly associated with bipolar disorder (BD). Altogether, our results suggest a protein interaction-mediated connectivity between Shank3 and certain upstream regulators of mTORC1 that might contribute to the abnormal striatal mTORC1 activity and to the manic-like behaviors of <I>Shank3</I> TG mice.</P>

On Nonparametric Tests for Patterned Alternatives in k-Sample Problems

Lee, Kihoon 전주대학교 산업경영연구소 1997 産經論叢 Vol.15 No.-

Performance Analysis of Pseudorange Error in STAP Beamforming Algorithm for Array Antenna

Lee, Kihoon,So, Hyungmin,Song, Kiwon The Institute of Positioning 2014 Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Vol.3 No.2

The most effective method to overcome GPS jamming problem is to use an adaptive array antenna which has the capability of beamforming or nulling to a certain direction. In this paper, Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) beamforming algorithm of four elements array antenna will be designed and the anti-jamming performance will be analyzed. According to the analysis, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and anti-jamming performance can be enhanced by beamforming algorithm. Also, the time tap effect of STAP algorithm will be analyzed theoretically and verified with array antenna modeling and simulation. Specially, the cautious selection of reference time tap in STAP can prevent the degradation of position accuracy performance.

Age-dependent decrease of GAD65/67 mRNAs but normal densities of GABAergic interneurons in the brain regions of <i>Shank3</i>-overexpressing manic mouse model

Lee, Bokyoung,Zhang, Yinhua,Kim, Yoonhee,Kim, Shinhyun,Lee, Yeunkum,Han, Kihoon Elsevier 2017 Neuroscience Letters Vol.649 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons is considered a major pathophysiological feature of various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. The variants of <I>SHANK3</I> gene, encoding a core scaffold protein of the excitatory postsynapse, have been associated with numerous brain disorders. It has been suggested that abnormalities of GABAergic interneurons could contribute to the <I>SHANK3</I>-related disorders, but the limitation of these studies is that they used mainly <I>Shank3</I> knock-out mice. Notably, <I>Shank3</I>-overexpressing transgenic mice, modeling human hyperkinetic disorders, also show reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission, abnormal electroencephalography, and spontaneous seizures. However, it has not been investigated whether these phenotypes of <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice are associated with GABAergic interneuron dysfunction, or solely due to the cell-autonomous postsynaptic changes of principal neurons. To address this issue, we investigated the densities of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons, and the mRNA and protein levels of GAD65/67 GABA-synthesizing enzymes in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of adult <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. We found no significant difference in the measurements performed on wild-type versus <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice, except for the decreased GAD65 or GAD67 mRNAs in these brain regions. Interestingly, only GAD65 mRNA was decreased in the hippocampus, but not mPFC and striatum, of juvenile <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice which, unlike the adult mice, did not show behavioral hyperactivity. Together, our results suggest age-dependent decrease of GAD65/67 mRNAs but normal densities of certain GABAergic interneurons in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The densities of PV<SUP>+</SUP> and SOM<SUP>+</SUP> interneurons are normal in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> <LI> The protein levels of GAD65 and GAD67 are normal in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> <LI> The mRNA levels of GAD65 and GAD67 are age-dependently decreased in the <I>Shank3</I> transgenic mice. </LI> </UL> </P>

Phosphorylation of CYFIP2, a component of the WAVE-regulatory complex, regulates dendritic spine density and neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons potentially by affecting the complex assembly

Lee, Yeunkum,Kim, Doyoun,Ryu, Jae Ryun,Zhang, Yinhua,Kim, Shinhyun,Kim, Yoonhee,Lee, Bokyoung,Sun, Woong,Han, Kihoon Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2017 NeuroReport Vol.28 No.12

<P>Actin dynamics is a critical mechanism underlying many cellular processes in neurons. The heteropentameric WAVE-regulatory complex (WRC), consisting of WAVE, CYFIP1/2, Nap, Abi, and HSPC300, is a key regulator of actin dynamics that activates the Arp2/3 complex to initiate actin polymerization and branching. The WRC is basally inactive because of intermolecular interactions among the components, which can be modulated by bindings of phospholipids and Rac1, and phosphorylations of WAVE and Abi. However, the phosphorylation of other components of WRC and their functional significance remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we focused on CYFIP1/2, in which we found two brain-specific phosphorylation sites (S582 of CYFIP2 and T1068/T1067 of CYFIP1/2) from a publicly available phosphoproteome database. To understand their functional effects, we overexpressed wild-type, phospho-blocking, or phospho-mimetic mutants of CYFIP2 in cultured hippocampal neurons, and found that only T1067A CYFIP2 decreased the density of stubby spines. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type CYFIP2 increased neurite length, but T1067A did not exert this effect. To understand the mechanism, we modeled CYFIP2 phosphorylation in the crystal structure of WRC and found that T1067 phosphorylation could weaken the interaction between CYFIP2 and Nap1 by inducing conformational changes of CYFIP2 -helical bundles. In the co-immunoprecipitation assay, however, wild-type, T1067A, and T1067E CYFIP2 showed similar interaction levels to Nap1, suggesting that T1067 phosphorylation alone is not sufficient to disrupt the interaction. Considering that the activation of WRC requires disassembly of the complex, our results suggest that T1067 phosphorylation, together with other factors, could contribute toward the activation process.</P>

Separation and sorting of cells in microsystems using physical principles

Lee, Gi-Hun,Kim, Sung-Hwan,Ahn, Kihoon,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Park, Joong Yull IOP 2016 JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING - Vol.26 No.1

<P>In the last decade, microfabrication techniques have been combined with microfluidics and applied to cell biology. Utilizing such new techniques, various cell studies have been performed for the research of stem cells, immune cells, cancer, neurons, etc. Among the various biological applications of microtechnology-based platforms, cell separation technology has been highly regarded in biological and clinical fields for sorting different types of cells, finding circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and blood cell separation, amongst other things. Many cell separation methods have been created using various physical principles. Representatively, these include hydrodynamic, acoustic, dielectrophoretic, magnetic, optical, and filtering methods. In this review, each of these methods will be introduced, and their physical principles and sample applications described. Each physical principle has its own advantages and disadvantages. The engineers who design the systems and the biologists who use them should understand the pros and cons of each method or principle, to broaden the use of microsystems for cell separation. Continuous development of microsystems for cell separation will lead to new opportunities for diagnosing CTCs and cancer metastasis, as well as other elements in the bloodstream.</P>

Performance Analysis of the Anti-Spoofing Array Antenna with Eigenvector Nulling Algorithm

Kihoon Lee,Min Kyu Song,Jang Yong Lee 항법시스템학회 2022 Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Vol.11 No.3

The public open signals from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) including Global positioning system (GPS) are used widely by many peoples in the world except for the public regulated restriction signals which are encrypted. Nowadays there are growing concerns about GNSS signal spoofing which can deceive the GNSS receivers by abusing these open services. To counter these spoofing threats, many researches have been studied including array antenna techniques which can detect the direction of arrival by means of Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Originally the array antenna techniques were developed to countermeasure the jamming signal in electronic warfare by using the nulling or beamforming algorithm toward a certain direction. In this paper, we study the anti-spoofing techniques using array antenna to overcome the jamming and spoofing issues simultaneously. First, we will present the theoretical analysis results of spoofing signal response of Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm in array antenna. Then the eigenvector algorithm of covariance matrix is suggested and verified to work with the existing anti-jamming method. The modeling and simulation are used to verify the effectiveness of the anti-spoofing algorithm. Also, the field test results show that the array antenna system with the proposed algorithms can perform the anti-spoofing function. This anti-spoofing method using array antenna is very effective in the view point of solving both the jamming and spoofing problems using the same array antenna hardware.

Integrative Analysis of Brain Region-specific Shank3 Interactomes for Understanding the Heterogeneity of Neuronal Pathophysiology Related to <i>SHANK3</i> Mutations

Lee, Yeunkum,Kang, Hyojin,Lee, Bokyoung,Zhang, Yinhua,Kim, Yoonhee,Kim, Shinhyun,Kim, Won-Ki,Han, Kihoon Frontiers Media S.A. 2017 Frontiers in molecular neuroscience Vol.10 No.-

<P>Recent molecular genetic studies have identified 100s of risk genes for various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. As the number of risk genes increases, it is becoming clear that different mutations of a single gene could cause different types of disorders. One of the best examples of such a gene is <I>SHANK3</I>, which encodes a core scaffold protein of the neuronal excitatory post-synapse. Deletions, duplications, and point mutations of <I>SHANK3</I> are associated with autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nevertheless, how the different mutations of <I>SHANK3</I> can lead to such phenotypic diversity remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Shank3 could form protein complexes in a brain region-specific manner, which might contribute to the heterogeneity of neuronal pathophysiology caused by <I>SHANK3</I> mutations. To test this, we generated a medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) Shank3 <I>in vivo</I> interactome consisting of 211 proteins, and compared this protein list with a Shank3 interactome previously generated from mixed hippocampal and striatal (HP+STR) tissues. Unexpectedly, we found that only 47 proteins (about 20%) were common between the two interactomes, while 164 and 208 proteins were specifically identified in the mPFC and HP+STR interactomes, respectively. Each of the mPFC- and HP+STR-specific Shank3 interactomes represents a highly interconnected network. Upon comparing the brain region-enriched proteomes, we found that the large difference between the mPFC and HP+STR Shank3 interactomes could not be explained by differential protein expression profiles among the brain regions. Importantly, bioinformatic pathway analysis revealed that the representative biological functions of the mPFC- and HP+STR-specific Shank3 interactomes were different, suggesting that these interactors could mediate the brain region-specific functions of Shank3. Meanwhile, the same analysis on the common Shank3 interactors, including Homer and GKAP/SAPAP proteins, suggested that they could mainly function as scaffolding proteins at the post-synaptic density. Lastly, we found that the mPFC- and HP+STR-specific Shank3 interactomes contained a significant number of proteins associated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. These results suggest that Shank3 can form protein complexes in a brain region-specific manner, which might contribute to the pathophysiological and phenotypic diversity of disorders related to <I>SHANK3</I> mutations.</P>