INS/GPS 통합에 따른 관성 센서 에러율 감소 방법

Iftikhar Khan,백승현(Seunghyun Baek),박경린(Gyungleen Park),강성민(Sungmin Kang),이연석(Yeonseok Lee),정태경(Taikyeong Jeong) 대한전자공학회 2009 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.46 No.3

GPS 와 INS 통합시스템은 저가 MEMS 기술의 결과에 따라 대중적으로 널리 사용되기에 이르렀다. 그러나 저가센서에 의한 현재의 성과는 관성센서의 큰 에러 때문에 여전히 낮은 실정이다. 이것은 제한된 도시환경 안에서의 비행범위 때문에 더욱 관련이 있다. 이러한 관성센서 에러를 줄이면서 동시에 위성의 활용성을 높이기 위하여 GPS 와 저가 INS 는 연성으로 결합되어 Kalman Filter 설계를 응용하여 상호 통합되어진다. 본 논문에서는 연성으로 결합된 Kalman Filter를 이용한 GPS/INS 센서 통합을 제공한다. 우리는 또한 경로의 기하학에 의해 또는 그 목적 시간 위치 따라 수학적으로 설명하는 ZH45C 궤도장치에 의한 산출된 기준 Wander Azimuth Strapdown Mechanization의 시뮬레이터 결과를 비교하여 검증하다. GPS and INS integrated systems are expected to become commonly available as a result of low cost Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensor (MEMS) techNoogy. However, the current performance achieved by low cost sensors is still relatively poor due to the large inertial sensor errors. This is particularly prevalent in the urban environment where there are significant periods of restricted sky view. To reduce the inertial sensor error, GPS and low cost INS are integrated using a Loosely Coupled Kalman Filter architecture which is appropriate in most applications where there is good satellite availability. In this paper, we present the GPS/INS sensor Integration using Loosely Coupled Kalman Filter approach. We also compare the simulation results of Wander Azimuth Strapdown Mechanization Scheme with the reference values generated by the ZH35C trajectory simulator that is describe mathematically either by the geometry of the path, or as the position of the object over time.

Diversity in Betasatellites Associated with Cotton Leaf Curl Disease During Source-To-Sink Movement Through a Resistant Host

Khan, Iftikhar Ali,Akhtar, Khalid Pervaiz,Akbar, Fazal,Hassan, Ishtiaq,Amin, Imran,Saeed, Muhammad,Mansoor, Shahid The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2016 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.32 No.1

Cotton leaf curl is devastating disease of cotton characterized by leaf curling, vein darkening and enations. The disease symptoms are induced by DNA satellite known as Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB), dominant betasatellite in cotton but another betasatellite known as Chili leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) is also found associated with the disease. Grafting experiment was performed to determine if host plant resistance is determinant of dominant population of betasatellite in cotton (several distinct strains of CLCuMuB are associated with the disease). Infected scion of Gossypium hirsutum collected from field (the source) was grafted on G. arboreum, a diploid cotton species, resistant to the disease. A healthy scion of G. hirsutum (sink) was grafted at the top of G. arboreum to determine the movement of virus/betasatellite to upper susceptible scion of G. hirsutum. Symptoms of disease appeared in the upper scion and presence of virus/betasatellite in the upper scion was confirmed via molecular techniques, showing that virus/betasatellite was able to move to upper scion through resistant G. arboreum. However, no symptoms appeared on G. arboreum. Betasatelites were cloned and sequenced from lower scion, upper scion and G. arboreum which show that the lower scion contained both CLCuMuB and ChLCB, however only ChLCB was found in G. arboreum. The upper scion contained CLCuMuB with a deletion of 78 nucleotides (nt) in the non-coding region between Arich sequence and ${\beta}C1$ gene and insertion of 27 nt in the middle of ${\beta}C1$ ORF. This study may help in investigating molecular basis of resistance in G. arboreum.

Diversity in Betasatellites Associated with Cotton Leaf Curl Disease During Source-To-Sink Movement Through a Resistant Host

Iftikhar Ali Khan,Khalid Pervaiz Akhtar,Fazal Akbar,Ishtiaq Hassan,Imran Amin,Muhammad Saeed,Shahid Mansoor 한국식물병리학회 2016 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.32 No.1

Cotton leaf curl is devastating disease of cotton characterized by leaf curling, vein darkening and enations. The disease symptoms are induced by DNA satellite known as Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB), dominant betasatellite in cotton but another betasatellite known as Chili leaf curl betasatellite (ChLCB) is also found associated with the disease. Grafting experiment was performed to determine if host plant resistance is determinant of dominant population of betasatellite in cotton (several distinct strains of CLCuMuB are associated with the disease). Infected scion of Gossypium hirsutum collected from field (the source) was grafted on G. arboreum, a diploid cotton species, resistant to the disease. A healthy scion of G. hirsutum (sink) was grafted at the top of G. arboreum to determine the movement of virus/betasatellite to upper susceptible scion of G. hirsutum. Symptoms of disease appeared in the upper scion and presence of virus/betasatellite in the upper scion was confirmed via molecular techniques, showing that virus/betasatellite was able to move to upper scion through resistant G. arboreum. However, no symptoms appeared on G. arboreum. Betasatelites were cloned and sequenced from lower scion, upper scion and G. arboreum which show that the lower scion contained both CLCuMuB and ChLCB, however only ChLCB was found in G. arboreum. The upper scion contained CLCuMuB with a deletion of 78 nucleotides (nt) in the non-coding region between Arich sequence and βC1 gene and insertion of 27 nt in the middle of βC1 ORF. This study may help in investigating molecular basis of resistance in G. arboreum.

Proliposome powder or tablets for generating inhalable liposomes using a medical nebulizer

Khan Iftikhar,Yousaf Sakib,Najlah Mohammad,Ahmed Waqar,Elhissi Abdelbary 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.1

Purpose The aim of this study was to develop and compare proliposome powder and proliposome tablet formulations for drug delivery from a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer. Methods Proliposome powders were prepared by the slurry method and sorbitol or mannitol carbohydrate carrier were used in a 1:10 and 1:15 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio. Beclometasone dipropionate (BDP; 2 mol%) was incorporated in the lipid phase. Proliposome powders were compressed into tablets, and liposomes were generated from proliposome powders or tablets within the nebulizer reservoir for subsequent aerosolization. Results Comparatively, shorter sputtering times were reported for the tablet formulations (≈ < 2.7±0.45 min), indicating uniform aerosolization. Post-nebulization, liposomes size was larger in the nebulizer reservoir in the range of 7.79±0.48 μm–9.73±1.53 μm for both powder and tablet formulations as compared to freshly prepared liposomes (5.38±0.73 μm–5.85±0.86 μm), suggesting liposome aggregation/fusion in the nebulizer’s reservoir. All formulations exhibited more than 80% mass output regardless of formulation type, but greater BDP proportions (circa 50%) were delivered to the Two-stage Impinger when tablet formulations were used. Moreover, the nebulized droplet median size and size distribution were lower for all tablet formulations in comparison to the powder formulations. Proliposome tablet and powdered formulations demonstrated the ability to generate vesicles that sustained the release of BDP. Conclusion Overall, this study showed that proliposome tablets could be disintegrated within a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer to generate inhalable aerosol, with high drug output and hence can be manufactured on large scale to overcome the storage problems associated with powder formulations.

Characterization and Thermal Degradation Study of Carbonization the Polyimide (PMDA/ODA)/Fe Composite Films

Fathi Etaher Elbakoush,Qudrat Ullah Khan,Mati Ullah,Arif Ullah,Afaq Ullah Khan,Javed Khan,Asra Iftikhar 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.6

The carbonization performance of the iron-containing carbon film resulting from polyimide was examined, Polyimide/Fe composite films were prepared from Iron (III) 2,4-pentanedionate (Fe(acac)) and poly(amic acid) (PAA) based on ODA and PMDA via a solution process in DMAC, followed by carbonization the polyimide film at a temperature range of 600–1600 °C. The organized polyimide/Fe combined fi lms were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman. The formation of Fe particles and the synthesis of polyimide (PMDA/ODA) in the polyimide matrix is confirmed by FTIR results. Meantime, in the polyimide matrix, Fe particles were well spread which were showed by the SEM images. Kinetic parameters and thermal stability of the degradation methods for the organized polyimide/Fe combined films were examined in N 2 environment by TGA. The results have shown that the values of the calculated activation energies and thermal stability increased of the (Fe (acac)) the activation energy and loading also different with the weight-loss rate for all compositions.

A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband Frequency-Selective Surface-Based Antenna for Gain Enhancement Applications

Din Iftikhar Ud,Ullah Waheed,Abbasi Nisar Ahmad,Ullah Sadiq,Shihzad Waleed,Khan Bilawal,Jayakody Dushantha Nalin K. 한국전자파학회 2023 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.23 No.2

This article presents a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) circular monopole antenna with a frequency-selective surface (FSS) for gain enhancement. The proposed antenna has a circular patch with circular cuts at the edges and is excited by a microstrip feed. The bottom plane is truncated and further modified by two triangular cuts at the sides and one rectangular cut in the middle to improve the radiation characteristics of the UWB antenna. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.3, and planner dimensions of 30 mm × 30 mm. To improve the proposed antenna’s gain, an FSS is designed that consists of periodic unit cells of metal printed on the upper layer of an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 0.11λ × 0.11λ at the lowest operating frequency of 3.3 GHz. The FSS shows a very low transmission coefficient and linearly reducing reflection phase with increasing frequency over a frequency range of 3.3–10.8 GHz. The gain of the proposed antenna is increased from 3 dB to 8.1 dB at 9 GHz by placing the antenna on the FSS. Moreover, the prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the experimental results are measured, which show close agreements with simulated results. The FSS-based antenna has directional radiation patterns, making it a potential candidate for ground-penetrating radar and UWB applications.

Improved photocatalytic degradation efficiency of methylene blue via MgAl2O4–graphene nanocomposite

Ali Ahmed,Gul Iftikhar Hussain,Khan Muhammad Zarrar,Javaid Farhan 한국세라믹학회 2023 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.60 No.2

In the present work, Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) nanoparticles and MgAl2O4–graphene nanocomposites with various graphene weight percentages (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) were prepared via sol–gel and ultra-sonication methods, respectively. The formation of the spinel phase was confirmed through XRD analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to study the morphology of the MgAl2O4 nanoparticles and their anchoring on the graphene sheets. The FTIR analysis also confirmed the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral bands at 695 and 526 cm−1, respectively. For magnesium aluminate nanoparticles, the bandgap was calculated to be 5.4 eV, which decreases to 4.9 eV with 5% graphene loading on the MgAl2O4–graphene nanocomposites. For methylene blue dye, the degradation efficiency of the 5% MgAl2O4–graphene nanocomposites was also found to be higher (90%) as compared to the pristine MgAl2O4 nanoparticles (70%). This increase in efficiency depicts their enhanced photocatalytic activity and strongly suggests that the MgAl2O4–graphene nanocomposites could be a good candidate for industrial wastewater remediation.

Simvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced anti-hyperlipidemic activity in hyperlipidemia animal model

Rizvi, Syed Zaki Husain,Shah, Fawad Ali,Khan, Namrah,Muhammad, Iftikhar,Ali, Khan Hashim,Ansari, Muhammad Mohsin,Din, Fakhar ud,Qureshi, Omer Salman,Kim, Kyoung-Won,Choe, Yeong-Hwan,Kim, Jin-Ki,Zeb, A Elsevier 2019 International journal of pharmaceutics Vol.560 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The objective of current study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles-loaded with simvastatin (SIM-SLNs) and investigate their <I>in vivo</I> anti-hyperlipidemic activity in poloxamer-induced hyperlipidemia model. Nano-template engineering technique was used to prepare SIM-SLNs with palmityl alcohol as lipid core and a mixture of Tween 40/Span 40/Myrj 52 to stabilize the core. The prepared SIM-SLNs were evaluated for physicochemical parameters including particle diameter, surface charge, morphology, incorporation efficiency, thermal behaviour and crystallinity. <I>In vitro</I> release profile of SIM-SLNs in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was evaluated by using dialysis bag technique and anti-hyperlipidemic activity was assessed in hyperlipidemia rat model. SIM-SLNs revealed uniform particle size with spherical morphology, zeta potential of −24.9 mV and high incorporation efficiency (∼85%). Thermal behaviour and crystallinity studies demonstrated successful incorporation of SIM in the lipid core and its conversion to amorphous form. SIM-SLNs demonstrated a sustained SIM release from the lipid core of nanoparticles. SIM-SLNs significantly reduced the elevated serum lipids as indicated by ∼3.9 and ∼1.5-times decreased total cholesterol compared to those of untreated control and SIM dispersion treated hyperlipidemic rats. In conclusion, SIM-SLNs showed a great promise for improving the therapeutic outcomes of SIM via its effective oral delivery.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Blends of polyurethane-polymethyl methacrylate/TiO2-based composites

Mohammad Zuber,Shazia Tabasum,Rizwan Hussain,Muhammad Bilal Khan,Iftikhar Hussain Bukhari 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.30 No.8

Polyurethanes (PUs) prepolymer was prepared by the reaction of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and poly caprolactone diols and the chain was further extended with 1,4-butane diol (1,4-BDO) to get final polyurethane (PU). FTIR spectra of the monomers, PU prepolymer, chain extender and final PU confirmed the reaction progress. A series of blends were prepared by varying the percent compositions of prepared PU, procured polymethyl methacylates (PMMA)and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Pellets were formed from the prepared blends (PU-PMMA/TiO2) using a self-designed mechanical tool. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were also taken to confirm the incorporation of the TiO2contents into the prepared blends. Mechanical properties such as hardness and compressive strength were studied and discussed. The results of the study reveal that the blended sample having 80% PU, 20% PMMA content with 2.5 g TiO2 in 100 g mixture of PU and PMMA is very suitable for suggesting dental materials.