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Royal Jelly Reduces the Serum Glucose Levels in Healthy Subjects
Karsten Münstedt,Matthias Bargello,Annette Hauenschild 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.5
Earlier biological investigations have shown that royal jelly has insulin-like activity. However, there have so far been no clinical trials to support these findings. The objective of the present study was to study the effect of royal jelly ingestion on the glucose metabolism of healthy humans. Twenty volunteers underwent the standardized oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and afterwards a second OGTT after ingestion of 20g of royal jelly. Serum glucose levels after 2 hours and the area under the curve for glucose were significantly lower (P=.041) after royal jelly administration. Substances originating from the pharyngeal glands of the honey bee with insulin-like activity are likely to have caused this effect and may thus be, at least partially, responsible for the lowering impact of honey on blood glucose levels. The identification of the substances that seem to act even after passage through the human stomach could lead to the development of new concepts in diabetology.
Karsten Kammerling,Lutz Volkmann 대한수학회 2009 대한수학회지 Vol.46 No.6
Let k be a positive integer, and let G be a simple graph with vertex set V(G). A Roman k-dominating function on G is a function f:V(G)→{0,1,2} such that every vertex u for which f(u)=0 is adjacent to at least k vertices v_1,v_2,…,v_k with f(v_i)=2 for i=1,2,…,k. The weight of a Roman k-dominating function is the value f(V(G))=∑{u∈V(G)}f(u). The minimum weight of a Roman k-dominating function on a graph G is called the Roman k-domination number γ_{kR}(G) of G. Note that the Roman 1-domination number γ_{1R}(G) is the usual Roman domination number γ_R(G). In this paper, we investigate the properties of the Roman k-domination number. Some of our results extend these one given by Cockayne, Dreyer Jr., S. M. Hedetniemi, and S. T. Hedetniemi [2] in 2004 for the Roman domination number. Let k be a positive integer, and let G be a simple graph with vertex set V(G). A Roman k-dominating function on G is a function f:V(G)→{0,1,2} such that every vertex u for which f(u)=0 is adjacent to at least k vertices v_1,v_2,…,v_k with f(v_i)=2 for i=1,2,…,k. The weight of a Roman k-dominating function is the value f(V(G))=∑{u∈V(G)}f(u). The minimum weight of a Roman k-dominating function on a graph G is called the Roman k-domination number γ_{kR}(G) of G. Note that the Roman 1-domination number γ_{1R}(G) is the usual Roman domination number γ_R(G). In this paper, we investigate the properties of the Roman k-domination number. Some of our results extend these one given by Cockayne, Dreyer Jr., S. M. Hedetniemi, and S. T. Hedetniemi [2] in 2004 for the Roman domination number.
Demystifying Artificial Consciousness -About Attributions, Black Swans, and Suffering Machines
( Karsten Wendland ) 중앙대학교 인문콘텐츠연구소 2021 인공지능인문학연구 Vol.9 No.-
Will artificial systems one day be able to have consciousness? Would this be human-like, or completely different? And would we even be able to detect this consciousness, or would we create our own illusion of something that does not exist at all. With the AI hype of recent years, considerations of AI consciousness have also become popular again, and indeed various scientists are working on building conscious artificial systems. The article reports from a research project that approaches potential AI Consciousness from a technology assessment perspective. It examined which actors and networks are working on AI consciousness, what basic positions are held, what promises and what concerns are discussed. The project produced a science podcast in which experts from a wide range of disciplines (from robotics to theology) were interviewed, addressed to the interested public. The project results lead to the recommendation to classify potential AI Consciousness ex ante as high-risk AI.
Recent Developments in German International Tax Law Influence of European Law
Karsten Gnuschke 한국국제조세협회 2005 조세학술논집 Vol.21 No.1
유럽연합법(EU Law)과 개별국가의 세법과의 관계에 있어서는 유럽연합법이 개별국가의 세법과 이중과세 방지를 위한 조세협약에 우선하고, 유럽연합법이 유럽연합협약이고, 그 아래에 하위법으로는 지침(Directives), 규정(Regulation)등이 있다. 유럽연합협약은 직접세에 관하여 4가지 기본적인 자유를 제시하고 있는데, 설립의 자유, 자본이동의 자유, 용역제공의 자유, 개인의 이동자유를 들 수 있다. 그리고 유럽연합협약의 위임범위 내에서 EU의 각 산하기관이 작성하는데, 그 지침으로 합병(Merger Directive), 계열사(Subsidiary Directive), 이자 및 사용료(Interest and Royalty Directive)를 들 수 있다. 이는 각 개별국가에 대해 구속력을 가짐 주어진 시한 내에 각 회원국은 자신들의 내국법으로 채택할 의무를 가진다. 그리고 시한 내에 만약 개별국가가 내국법으로 채택하지 않는 경우, 구체적인 사안에 적용함에 있어 그 Directive가 충분히 명확한 경우 그 범위 내에서 개별국가를 구속하는 구속력을 가진다. 그리고 주요 규정(Regulations)은 내국법으로의 채택절차 없이 개별 회원국에 대해 구속력을 가진다. 한편 독일은 세법의 개정을 통하여 해외 관계회사와의 거래에 대해 이전가격서류를 갖추어야 하는 법적의무를 부과하고 이를 이행하지 않는 경우, 5-10%의 가산세 부과하도록 하였다. 그 후속조치로 2003년 11월 13일 시행법(Decree Law)을 발표하였다.
Effect of Honey on Serum Cholesterol and Lipid Values
Karsten Münstedt,Sven Hoffmann,Annette Hauenschild,Michael Bülte,Richard von Georgi,Andreas Hackethal 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3
Small studies have suggested that honey benefits patients with high cholesterol concentrations. The present study aimed to confirm this finding in a larger group of subjects. Sixty volunteers with high cholesterol, stratified according to gender and hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) treatment (yes/no), were randomized to receive 75g of honey solution or a honey-comparable sugar solution once daily over a period of 14 days. Baseline measurements, including body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile, were obtained, and subjects also completed dietary questionnaires and the Inventory for the Assessment of Negative Bodily Affect–Trait form (INKA-h) questionnaire. Measurements were repeated 2 weeks later. BMI and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values were significantly correlated (r=−0.487; P<.001) as were BMI and a lower ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (r=0.420; P<.001), meaning that subjects with a high BMI had a lower HDL cholesterol value. INKA-h scores and LDL cholesterol values were also significantly correlated (r=0.273, P=.042). Neither solution influenced significantly cholesterol or triglyceride values in the total group; in women, however, the LDL cholesterol value increased in the sugar solution subgroup but not in the women taking honey. Although ingesting honey did not reduce LDL cholesterol values in general, women may benefit from substituting honey for sugar in their diet. Reducing the BMI lowers the LDL cholesterol value, and psychological interventions also seem important and merit further investigation.