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카이쾰러 ( Kai Kohler ) 한국브레히트학회 2013 브레히트와 현대연극 Vol.0 No.29
본 논문의 연구대상은 문학적 표현주의에 대한 정의 및 시대비평에 관한 것이다. 역사적으로 표현주의는 빌헬름 황제의 제국시기, 1918년 및 1919년 혁명시기, 초기 바이마르 공화국 시기와 맞물려 있어서 하나의 특정한 시대로 분류되기 어려운 점이 있다. 문학적 표현주의는 ‘시대'나 ‘양식'의 개념이라기보다는 오히려 특정한 출판물을 중심으로 모인 ‘문학그룹'의 한 현상이라고 볼 수 있다. 표현주의에 대한 정의는 오늘날 표현주의로 분류되는 일군의 작가들에 의해 나중에서야 논의되기 시작하였다. 이 시기 문학적 표현주의에서 주로 등장하던 소재들로는 대도시, 전쟁, 새로운 인간상 등을 들 수 있으며, 주제로는 가족 간의 갈등, 특히 아버지와 아들 간의 갈등이 두드러지게 표현되었다. 표현주의가 하나의 유행처럼 번져나갔던 이 시기에 다른 주류 작가들과는 상이한 노선을 밟은 작가들의 경우도 발견되는데, 이에 속하는 대표적인 작가들에는 알프레드 되블린과 헤르만 헤세를 들 수 있다. 되블린의 경우에는 다른 작가들과는 달리 문학그룹을 형성하는 것을 거부하였으며 문학적인 개인주의를 지향하였다. 헤세의 경우에는 당시 주류 작가들과는 달리 표현주의를 자아와 세계 사이의 내적 관계로 인식하였다. 독일 바이마르 공화국이 안정기에 접어들면서 표현주의의 열풍이 다시 주춤해지자, 표현주의는 1933년 이후 문화정치적인 투쟁의 개념으로 인식되기 시작하였다. 쿠르트 하이니케와 같은 몇몇 표현주의 작가들의 경우에는 시대에 순응하였던 반면, 고트프리트 벤은 표현주의를 제3제국에 맞서는 선봉적인 운동으로 인식시키는데 실패하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 벤의 이러한 시도로 인해 표현주의는 그의 망명시절 문화정치적인 논쟁으로까지 비화되었다. 이 시기 마르크스주의적 유물론자인 게오르크 루카치는 고트프리트 벤과는 적대적으로 표현주의에 대해 근본적인 비판을 가하였으며, 그의 에세이는 이후 표현주의 논쟁을 불러일으키는 도화선이 되었다.
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Kai‑Dong,Xie,Qiang‑Ming,Xia,Jun,Peng,Xiao‑Meng,Wu,Zong‑Zhou,Xie,Chun‑Li,Chen,Wen‑Wu,Guo 한국식물생명공학회 2019 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.13 No.2
The unreduced (2n) gametes have long been used in triploid breeding of citrus. In lemon, the previously reported mechanisms for 2n megagametophyte formation were controversial, whereas that for 2n pollen production is still unknown. Herein, the frequency of and mechanism underlying 2n megagametophyte and 2n pollen formation in ‘Eureka' lemon were investigated based on cytological observation and genotyping of the triploid hybrids between ‘Eureka' lemon and ‘Early gold' sweet orange. As a result, 4.79% of the viable pollens of ‘Eureka' lemon were identified as the 2n pollen with a larger diameter (70.16 ± 3.92 μm). The 2n pollen might be resulted from the formation of parallel spindles at meiosis stage II. Among the 204 plantlets regenerated from embryo rescue following the sexual cross, 12 were triploids as identified by flow cytometry. According to the analysis of heterozygosity transmission using 13 pericentromeric single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and 20 randomly distributed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, 11 triploids were identified to be originated from the fertilization of 2n megagametophytes of ‘Eureka' lemon, with a frequency of 5.39%. Among them, nine 2n megagametophytes were supposed to be arisen from the second division restitution (SDR), whereas the other two were from postmeiotic genome doubling (PMD). These results to understand the mechanism underlying 2n gamete formation in lemon are valuable for its efficient polyploid breeding.
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Irreducible Elbow Dislocation Associated with Hill-Sachs-like Lesion over the Capitellum
Weng,,Hung-Kai,Chang,,Wei-Lun,Yeh,,Ming-Long,Su,,Wei-Ren,Hsu,,Kai-Lan Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society 2019 대한견주관절학회지 Vol.22 No.1
Irreducible dislocation of the elbow is an uncommon event. We present the case of a posterolateral elbow dislocation after a fall injury in a 67-year-old woman. A closed reduction performed in the emergency department was unsuccessful since the limited passive range of motion resulted in difficulty to perform longitudinal traction and flexion. Computed tomography images showed that the posterolateral aspect of the capitellum was impacted by the tip of the coronoid process, thus appearing similar to the Hill-Sachs lesion in the humeral head. Subsequent open reduction of the elbow revealed the dislocation to be irreducible since the tip of the coronoid process had wedged into a triangular Hill-Sachs-like lesion in the capitellum. The joint was reduced by providing distal traction on the forearm, and main fragments were disengaged using digital pressure. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient reported no dislocations, and had an acceptable range of motion. Thus, we propose that to avoid iatrogenic injury to the joint or other nearby structures, irreducible dislocations should not be subjected to repeated manipulation.
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Kai,Wang,Shaojie,Zhang,Fangqiang,Wei,Hongjuan,Yang 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.3
A disastrous landslide occurred at the Hong'ao Waste Disposal Site in Shenzhen, China on December 20, 2015, involving a volume of 2.7 × 106 m3 of municipal solid waste (MSW) that travelled a distance of 700 to 800 m, covering an area of 3.8 × 105 m2 and caused 90 casualties. The geomorphological and geological characteristics of the waste disposal site were carefully examined and the landslide was classified as an extremely rapid flowslide. The major feature of the waste site was the basin-like structure with the bottom composed of low-permeable granite bedrock. Therefore, surface runoff could easily accumulate in the MSW due to the lack of drainage system, resulting in an increasing groundwater level. Laboratory tests, including physical characterization, Consolidation Isotropic Undrained (CIU) test and direct shear test were conducted to characterize the material properties of the MSW. Physical characterization indicated the MSW belongs to sandy silt, CIU tests indicated that static liquefaction was conducive to high-speed sliding. The direct shear test data were used to carry out numerical analysis of slope stability, in which the continuous rise in the groundwater level was taken into account. Numerical simulation showed that the pore water pressure induced by underground water seepage and gradual loading from the upper MSW placement aggravate the failure. Consequently, the main reason of the landslide could be concluded as follows: 1) the perched groundwater level due to a large upstream catchment area and the lack of drainage system; 2) the excess pore water pressure induced by static liquefaction played a significant role in its mobility.
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