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Muscle Activities in the Lower Limbs for the Different Movement Patterns on an Unstable Platform
Piao, Yong-Jun,Choi, Youn-Jung,Kwon, Tae-Kyu,Hwang, Ji-Hye,Kim, Jung-Ja,Kim, Dong-Wook,Kim, Nam-Gyun The Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engin 2007 의공학회지 Vol.28 No.5
We performed experimental studies on the muscle activities in the lower limbs for the different movement patterns on an unstable platform. A training system for postural control using an unstable platform that we previously developed was applied for the experiments. This unstable platform provides 360 degrees of movement allowing for training of posture in various directions and provides simultaneous excitations to visual sensory, somatic sensation and vestibular organs. Compare with the stable platform, keeping body balance on the unstable platform requests more effective sensation from vision, vestibular sense and somatic sense. Especially, the somatosensory inputs from the muscle proprioceptors and muscle force are crucial. To study the muscle activities for the different movement patterns and find the best training method for improving the ability of postural control through training and improving the lower extremity muscular strength, fifteen young healthy participants went through trainings and experiments. The participants were instructed to move the center of pressure following the appointed movement pattern while standing on the unstable platform. The electromyographies of the muscles in the lower limbs were recorded and analyzed in the time and the frequency domain. Our experimental results showed the significant differences in muscle activities for the different movement patterns. Especially, the spectral energy of electromyography signals in muscle for the movement pattern in anterior-posterior direction was significantly higher than those occurred in the other patterns. The muscles in the lower leg, especially tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius were more activated compared to the others for controlling the balance of body on the unstable platform. The experimental results suggest that, through the choice of different movement pattern, the training for lower extremity strength could be performed on specific muscles in different intensity. And, the ability of postural control could be improved by the training for lower extremity strength.
First hyperpolarizabilities of hexa(ethynyl)benzene derivatives: effect of conjugation length
Piao, Ming Jun,Chajara, Khalil,Yoon, Soo Jung,Kim, Hwan Myung,Jeon, Seung-Joon,Kim, Tae-Hyun,Song, Kai,Asselberghs, Inge,Persoons, André,Clays, Koen,Cho, Bong Rae Royal Society of Chemistry 2006 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.16 No.23
<P>A variety of dipolar and octupolar molecules containing C&z.tbd;C bonds as the conjugation bridge have been synthesized and the linear and nonlinear optical properties (<I>β</I>) were studied. The <I>β(0)</I> value of the dipole increases with conjugation length, whereas that of the octupole decreases from 2a to 2b with concomitant decrease in <I>λ</I><SUB>max</SUB>. A further increase in the conjugation length to 3a–c increased <I>β(0)</I> because of the larger oscillator strength. Moreover, 3a with the most distorted structure shows the largest <I>β(0)</I>, probably because of the dipolar contribution. On the other hand, <I>β<SUB>yyy</SUB></I>/<I>β<SUB>zzz</SUB></I> ratios are smaller than unity, probably because <I>β<SUB>zzz</SUB></I> is overestimated by the errors involved in the resonance correction.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Hexa(ethynyl)benzene derivatives have been synthesized and shown to exhibit a large first hyperpolarizability in the range of <I>β(0)</I> = (90–192) × 10<SUP>−30</SUP> esu; values which are among the largest found in the octupolar molecules measured by the frequency-resolved HRS experiments. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b601982j'> </P>
MANET에서 단방향 링크 문제해결을 위한 소스 라우팅프로토콜의 설계
Jun-Jie piao,장태무 동국대학교 산업기술연구원 2007 산업기술논문집 Vol.16 No.2
이질적인 노드들로 구성된 이동 ad-hoc 네트워크는 상이한 전송 능력을 가진 노드들로 구성되는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이런 특성으로 인해, 이질적인 노드들 즉, 높은 전송능력을 가진 노드와 낮은 전송능력을 가진 노드 사이에 단방향 링크가 형성된다. 현재까지 제안되어온 ad-hoc 라우팅 프로토콜들은 이러한 단방향 링크 문제를 명확히 해결하지 못하고 있다. 예를 들어 DSR(Dynamic Source Routing) 같은 라우팅 프로토콜일 경우 단방향 링크를 지원하고 있지만, 다중 flooding 방식을 사용하기 때문에 통신 오버헤드가 높은 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 DSR 라우팅 프로토콜의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 새로운 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안하였고, 이 새로운 프로토콜은 DSR 라우팅 프로토콜보다30%~40% 정도의 브로드캐스팅 메시지를 줄이는 시뮬레이션 결과를 보였다. In an ad-hoc network, a communication link between two mobile computers is not always bi-directional, i.e. uni-directional, since transmission power of mobile computers is not the same. Though some ad-hoc routing protocols, e.g. DSR(Dynamic Source Routing), support routing with uni-directional links, multiple flooding (successive broadcasting) are used and communication overhead is high. This paper proposes a new ad hoc routing protocol based on DSR supporting uni-directional links. In our protocol, we using unicast RREP mechanism, this works better than multiple flooding in an environment with uni-directional links, Simulation results show the our routing protocol can reduce 30% ~ 40% broadcasting messages than DSR.
Mechanosensitivity of voltage-gated K<sup>+</sup> currents in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons
Piao, Lin,Ying Li, Hai,Park, Chul-Kyu,Cho, Ik-Hyun,Piao, Zheng Gen,Jung, Sung Jun,Choi, Se-Young,Lee, Sung Joong,Park, Kyungpyo,Kim, Joong-Soo,Oh, Seog Bae Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2006 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH - Vol.83 No.7
<P>We investigated the mechanosensitivity of voltage-gated K<SUP>+</SUP> channel (VGPC) currents by using whole-cell patch clamp recording in rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. On the basis of biophysical and pharmacological properties, two types of VGPC currents were isolated. One was transient (I<SUB>K,A</SUB>), the other sustained (I<SUB>K,V</SUB>). Hypotonic stimulation (200 mOsm) markedly increased both I<SUB>K,A</SUB> and I<SUB>K,V</SUB> without affecting their activation and inactivation kinetics. Gadolinium, a well-known blocker of mechanosensitive channels, failed to block the enhancement of I<SUB>K,A</SUB> and I<SUB>K,V</SUB> induced by hypotonic stimulation. During hypotonic stimulation, cytochalasin D, an actin-based cytoskeletal disruptor, further increased I<SUB>K,A</SUB> and I<SUB>K,V</SUB>, whereas phalloidin, an actin-based cytoskeletal stabilizer, reduced I<SUB>K,A</SUB> and I<SUB>K,V</SUB>. Confocal imaging with Texas red-phalloidin showed that actin-based cytoskeleton was disrupted by hypotonic stimulation, which was similar to the effect of cytochalasin D. Our results suggest that both I<SUB>K,A</SUB> and I<SUB>K,V</SUB> are mechanosensitive and that actin-based cytoskeleton is likely to regulate the mechanosensitivity of VGPC currents in TG neurons. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
단방향 링크가 있는 무선 애드 혹 네트워크에서 DSR에 기반한 라우팅 프로토콜
Jun-Jie Piao,장태무(Tae-Mu Chang) 한국정보과학회 2005 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.32 No.2
이질적인 노드들로 구성된 이동 애드 혹 네트워크는 상이한 전송 능력을 가진 노드들로 구성되는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이런 특성으로 인해, 이질적인 노드들 즉, 높은 전송능력을 가진 노드와 낮은 전송능력을 가진 노드간에 단방향 링크가 형성된다. 하지만 현재까지 MANET WG에서 제안되어온 애드 혹 라우팅 프로토콜들은 단방향 링크문제를 명확히 해결하지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 DSR 라우팅 프로토콜이 단방향 링크를 지원할 때 생기는 문제점들을 설명하고 이를 극복하기 위한 새로운 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안한다.
박춘군(Chun-Jun Piao),박한일(Han-Il Park) 한국해양공학회 1999 韓國海洋工學會誌 Vol.13 No.1
For offshore structures, dynamic analysis becomes increasingly important as water depth increases and structural configuration becomes more slender. In the case of dynamic analysis of frame structures, much computer time and high cost are required due to many degrees of freedom. In this paper, a new technique of permutating a segment of frame structure to a beam is developed, which is called here Beam Permutation Technique. The technique is based on definition of stiffness matrix of the beam which is obtained by defining the actions(or forces) required to obtain unit translation or rotation for each degree of freedom with all other degree of freedom restrained to zero displacement or rotation. In the technique, an assumption is made that relative positions of nodes in the ends of the segment are not variable. The technique can significantly reduce the degrees of freedom of frame structures and thus the computing time in dynamic analysis. The natural frequencies and static displacements of the permutated beam are obtained and compared to those of ANSYS with a good agreement.