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Innervation of pineal gland by the nervus conarii: a review of this almost forgotten structure
Kion Gregory,Tyler Warner,Juan J. Cardona,Arada Chaiyamoon,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.3
The nervus conarii provides sympathetic nerve innervation to the pineal gland, which is thought to be the primarytype of stimulus to this gland. This underreported nerve has been mostly studied in animals. One function of the nervus conarii may be to activate pinealocytes to produce melatonin. Others have also found substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from the nervus conarii ending in the pineal gland. The following paper reviews the extant medical literature on the nervus conarii including its anatomy and potential function.
Histology and immunohistochemistry of the human carotid sinus nerve
Davin Bryant,Erin McCormack,Juan J. Cardona,Arada Chaiyamoon,Devendra Shekhawat,Francisco Reina,Ana Carrera,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.4
The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) is well known as mediating baroref lexes. However, studies of its detailed histologicalanalysis are scant in the literature. Therefore, the current anatomical study sought to better elucidate the microanatomy of theCSN. Ten fresh frozen adult cadavers underwent dissection of the CSN. Then, it was harvested and submitted for histologicaland immunohistochemical staining. Specimens were all shown to be nerve fibers on histology and immunohistochemistry. We identified tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers in all CSN specimens. These fibers were always found to be within theCSN and not on its surface i.e., epineurium. Based on our findings, the majority of fibers contained in the CSN are tyrosinepositive in nature. Further studies are necessary to understand the true function of this autonomic nerve fibers.
Aditi Patel,Johnathan Baudoin,Arada Chaiyamoon,Juan J. Cardona,Ana Carrera,Francisco Reina,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.3
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is often involved in pathologies of the posterior cranialfossa. Therefore, a good understanding of the vessel’s normal and variant courses is important to the neurosurgeon or neurointerventionalist. During the routine microdissection of the craniocervical junction, an unusual arrangement between the highest denticulate ligament and PICA was observed. On the right side, the PICA was given rise to by the V4 segment of the vertebral artery 9 mm after the artery entered the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa. The artery made an acute turn around the lateral edge of the highest denticulate ligament to then recur 180 degrees and travel medially toward the brainstem. Invasive procedures that target the PICA should be aware of the variant as described herein.
Viktoriya S. Grayson,Mitchell Couldwell,Arada Chaiyamoon,Juan J. Cardona,Francisco Reina,Ana Carrera,Erin P. McCormack,Kendrick Johnson,Sassan Keshavarzi,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.4
Few studies have examined the basilar venous plexus (BVP) and to our knowledge, no previous study has describedits histology. The present anatomical study was performed to better elucidate these structures. In ten cadavers, the BVP wasdissected. The anatomical and histological evaluation of the intraluminal trabeculae within this sinus were evaluated. Onceall gross measurements were made, the clivus and overlying BVP were harvested and submitted for histological analysis. A BVP was identified in all specimens and in each of these, intraluminal trabeculae were identified. The mean number oftrabeculae per plexus was five. These were most concentrated in the upper half of the clivus and were more often centrallylocated. These septations traveled in a posterior to anterior direction and usually, from inferiorly to superiorly however somewere noted to travel horizontally. In a few specimens the trabeculae had wider bases, especially on the posterior attachmentto the meningeal layer of dura mater. More commonly, the trabeculae ended in a denticulate form at their two terminalends. The trabeculae were on average were 0.85 mm in length. The mean width of the trabeculae was 0.35 mm. Theseseptations were consistent with the cords of Willis as are found in the lumen of some of the other intradural venous sinuses. An understanding of the internal anatomy of the BVP can aid in our understanding of venous pathology. Furthermore, thisknowledge will benefit patients undergoing interventional treatments that involve the BVP.
The laryngopharyngeal nerve: a comprehensive review
Stephen Shapiro,Andrew L. Parker,Juan J. Cardona,Arada Chaiyamoon,Francisco Reina,Ana Carrera,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.3
The laryngopharyngeal nerve has received much less attention that the other contributions to the pharyngealplexus i.e., glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Often, in descriptions and depictions, the nerve is simply labeled as thesympathetic contribution to the pharyngeal plexus. As there is such scant information available regarding this nerve, the present review was performed. Very little is found in the extant medical literature regarding the laryngopharyngeal nerve. However, based on available data, the nerve is a consistent contributory to the pharyngeal plexus and serves other adjacentareas e.g., carotid body. Therefore, a better understanding of this structure’s anatomy is important for those who operate inthis area. Further studies are necessary to better elucidate the true function of the laryngopharyngeal nerve.
Fenestrated popliteal vein pierced by a branch of the tibial nerve
Edward C. Muo,Joe Iwanaga,Juan J. Cardona,Łukasz Olewnik,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.4
Knowledge of anatomical variations is important so as to avoid potential iatrogenic injury or misdiagnosis on imaging. Here we report an unusual finding and relationship between the tibial nerve and popliteal vein. During the routine dissection of an adult cadaver, it was noted that a branch of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa pierced the most distal part of the popliteal vein. This unusual finding is described and relevant reports in the literature discussed. Our hopes are that such a report might help surgeons avoid injury to such a fenestrated popliteal vein and the tibial nerve branch traveling through it therefore decreasing patient morbidity.