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Linguistic Properties of Monologic Spoken and Written English Used by Korean EFL Learners
Jongmin Song 한국응용언어학회 2013 응용 언어학 Vol.29 No.3
Studies of spoken and written English of native or non-native English speakers have been undertaken. They have shown distinctive linguistic properties of each mode of English across different text types, genres, and other contextual variables. In a similar vein, a comparative analysis of spoken and written English of Korean EFL learners is carried out in this paper by using controlled language data. The data in this study is monologic rhetorical description in speech and writing, and its topics are controlled by the tasks given to the participants. The findings present that although text types and topics are the same, speech and writing of Korean EFL learners include distinctive characteristics of each mode of English. More specifically, their written English is more elaborated, expressive, and grammatically more complex than their spoken English, whereas their speech does not include any type of linguistic complexity. This demonstrates that Korean EFL learners are able to differentiate speech from writing in English to a certain extent however, they still need to expand their awareness of the differences between the two modes of English.
Native-like Spoken and Written English Proficiency of Korean Speakers
Jongmin Song 한국응용언어학회 2008 응용 언어학 Vol.24 No.1
This study investigates the spoken and written English proficiency of Korean speakers in comparison with that of native English speakers. Forty-two Korean and British university students participated in this study and their spoken and written English was collected. The data, consisting of approximately 32,000 words, were analysed by the frequency of 18 syntactic and lexical linguistic features. Accordingly, the frequency indices of the features in the spoken and written English of the Korean and the British students were compiled and compared. The findings showed that the Korean students were inclined to use less complex and less tightly integrated forms of English than the British students. In addition, the Korean students significantly underused a higher number of linguistic features in their speech than in their writing compared to the British students. As a result, the difference between the English of the two groups of students was more evidently found in their speech; and certain features resulted in conflicting mode distribution between speech and writing of the two groups. These findings lead us to conclude that the Korean students had more native-like English proficiency in writing than in their speech.
Byung Joo Sun,Jin Kyung Oh,Sun Hack Lee,Jeong Yoon Jang,Ji Hye Lee,Sahmin Lee,Dae-Hee Kim,JongMinSong,Duk-Hyun Kang,Jae-Kwan Song 한국심초음파학회 2019 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.27 No.2
BACKGROUND: Although bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases, clinical outcome data regarding BAV are still limited. We evaluated clinical characteristics and mid-term clinical outcomes of asymptomatic Korean patients with bicuspid aortic valve. METHODS: We initiated a prospective registry in 2014 at a tertiary referral hospital. To develop a cohort of asymptomatic patients, we excluded patients who previously underwent open heart surgery (OHS) or who had OHS within 6 months of referral. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients (117 male [69%], age 50 ± 13 years) were enrolled. More than 70% (n = 124, 73%) were incidentally diagnosed with BAV during routine health examinations or preoperative screening for non-cardiac surgery. At the time of enrollment, moderate to severe aortic stenosis (AS) or regurgitation (AR) was present in 77 patients (45%) and 98 (58%) showed aortic dilation: 42 (25%) had non-significant valvular dysfunction without aortic dilation. During a median follow-up of 4 years, AS severity increased significantly (p < 0.001), while there was no significant change in AR severity (p = 0.361). A total of 27 patients (16%) underwent OHS, including isolated aortic valve (AV) surgery (n = 11, 41%), AV with combined aortic surgery (n = 12, 44%), and isolated aortic surgery (n = 4, 15%): no patient developed aortic dissection. Moderate to severe AS (hazard ratio [HR] 4.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.83-11.62; p = 0.001), NYHA class ≥ 2 (HR 2.53; 95% CI 1.01-6.35; p = 0.048) and aortic dilation (HR 2.13; 95% CI 0.87-5.21; p = 0.099) were associated with surgical events. CONCLUSIONS: Progression patterns of valvular dysfunction and impacts of BAV phenotype on OHS should be explored in future studies with longer follow-up durations.