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The Rise of the Brokered State: Situating Administrative Expansion in Chosŏn Korea
John S. Lee 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2019 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.32 No.1
Between 1500 and 1800 CE, patterns of governance on the Korean Peninsula shifted toward a dynamic that I term the “rise of the brokered state.” While central political authority increasingly became entrenched in a small number of elite families residing in the capital region, the reach of the Chosŏn state continued to grow through local institutions such as clerks and military garrisons. Likewise, avenues of interaction between Seoul and the provinces broadened thanks to the social and organizational consolidation of local elites. Over time, the government was able to utilize a widening assemblage of bureaucratic administration and local cooperation to expand state management of resources such as grain and timber. Previous scholarship has often situated Chosŏn center-local dynamics within vectors of conflict, stagnation, or progress. My analysis reframes Chosŏn administrative expansion as an interactive process through which a wide array of local yangban, clerks, military officials, and monks became key intermediaries between the central government and the provinces, in turn forming the infrastructural contours of the Chosŏn state itself.
John S. Lee 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2020 International Journal of Korean History Vol.25 No.1
전근대 한국 국가의 문제점 중 하나는 한반도의 물질적 통합의 어려움이었다. 이 글은 고려~조선조가 태안반도에서 여러 차례 시도했던 운하 굴착 사업을 분석한다. 삼남지방과 수도 지역 사이의 중요한 항로를 걸친 태안반도의 해안선은 지형적으로 암초와 천퇴가 많았고 해류가 매우 빨랐기 때문에 선원들 사이에서 악명이 높았다. 이에 따라 1134년부터 1537년까지 국가와 위정자들은 해난사고를 피하려고 대규모의 운하 공사를 수행하였다. 그러나 모두 실패로 끝났다. 이 글은 태안반도 운하 사업의 실패가 전근대 국가의 기술ㆍ인프라의 한계를 드러냈다고 주장한다. 그리고 조선조는 태안반도의 부적당한 해안선을 대규모 공사로써 극복할 수 없어 조선 중기 이후 운송 기반시설 대해 다른 전략을 추구했다. One of the chronic problems of pre-industrial Korean history has been the difficulty of material integration between core regions of the Korean peninsula. This article analyzes five major canalization attempts made by Koryŏ and Chosŏn states in the T’aean region to address the problem of infrastructural integration. Located along a critical shipping route between the southern grain basket and the capital region, the T’aean coastline had been infamous for centuries for its treacherous tides and proclivity for hastening shipwrecks. Consequently, from 1134 to 1537, Koryŏ and Chosŏn officials attempted canalization projects that, if successful, would have allowed grain ships to bypass the most troublesome zones. However, the canalization efforts all ended in failure. Utilizing Chosŏn-era institutional records, I argue that the canalization failures: 1) exposed a preindustrial state’s logistical and technological limits, notably, the difficulty of coastal canalization efforts in areas of high tidal variation and granite bedrock, and 2) prompted shifts in the infrastructural priorities of the Chosŏn state.
이상숙(S S Lee),박준식(J S. Park),Mario A Luna,Adel El Naggar,John G Batsakis 대한두경부종양학회 1991 대한두경부 종양학회지 Vol.7 No.2
선양낭암은 타액선종양중 비교적 드문 악성종양으로 병리조직학적 및 임상적으로 독특한 양상을 보인다. 병리조직학상 종양세포가 신경주변으로 침범하여 수술당시 적절한 수술연을 얻기 어렵고 이에 따른 국소재발이 거듭되고 임파선전이 및 예측치 않는 원격전이가 생기기도 한다. 지금까지 선양낭암환자의 예후에 영향을 미치는 여러 요인들에 대한 연구들이 이루워지고 있는데 그중 조직학적 분화도, 원발부위, 종양의 크기, 수술연의 상태와 임상적 병기들이 중요시되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 1960년부터 1980년 까지 텍사스대학 M.D. Anderson 암센터에서 치료받은 이하선 및 악하선 선양낭암 각각 13례와 26례를 대상으로 원발부위가 환자의 생존 및 치료에 미치는 영향을 알고자 다른 예후인자로 알려진 조직병리학적 소견들과 함께 통계학적 분석을 실시하였다. 이하선과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암을 비교한 결과 이하선에 생긴 경우 조직학적 분화도가 더 낮았고 악하선 종양에서 수술연에 종양침범율이 더 적었다. 경부 임파절 전이는 악하선 종양에서 많았으나 반면 원격전이는 이하선 종양에서 더 많이 발생하였다. 그러나 종양의 크기, 선경주위침범 유무, 국소재발과 환자의 생존율사이에는 의의있는 상관 관계는 없었다. 이하선과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암의 여러 특성들과 생존률간의 univariate 분석결과 악하선에 생긴 선양낭암 환자에서 종양이 크거나 조직학상 분화가 나쁘거나(solid pattern), 경부임파절 전이와 원격전이가 생기면 예후에 나쁜 영향을 끼침이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 이하선에 생긴 경우 분석례가 너무 적어 결론을 내리기에 불충분하였다. 원발부위에 따른 선양낭암 환자들의 특성을 chi-square 검정법을 이용하여 통계학적으로 분석한 결과 이 두군간에는 의의있는 통계학적 차이는 발견할 수 없었다.
Cho, Hyejeon,Jensen, Joseph B.,Blakeslee, John P.,French, Brigham S.,Lee, Hyun-chul,Lee, Young-Wook Cambridge University Press 2012 Proceedings of the International Astronomical Unio Vol.8 No.suppl289
<B>Abstract</B><P>The surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths is a powerful tool for estimating distances to unresolved stellar systems with high precision. The IR channel of the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), installed on board the <I>Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</I> in 2009, has a greater sensitivity and a wider field of view than the previous generation of <I>HST</I> IR instruments, making it much more efficient for measuring distances to early-type galaxies in the Local Volume. To take full advantage of its capabilities, we need to empirically calibrate the SBF distance method for WFC3's NIR passbands. We present the SBF measurements for the WFC3/IR F160W bandpass filter using observations of 16 early-type galaxies in the Fornax and Virgo Clusters. These have been combined with existing (<I>g</I>475-<I>z</I>850) color measurements from the Advanced Camera for Surveys Virgo and Fornax Cluster Surveys to derive a space-based <I>H</I>160-band SBF relation as a function of color. We have also compared the absolute SBF magnitudes to those predicted by evolutionary population synthesis models in order to study stellar population properties in the target galaxies.</P>
Prodrug and Antedrug: Two Diametrical Approaches in Designing Safer Drugs
Lee, Henry-J.,Cooperwood, John-S.,You, Zhengqing,Ko, Dong-Hoon The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2002 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.25 No.2
The prodrug and antedrug concepts, which were developed to overcome the physical and pharmacological shortcomings of various therapeutic classes of agents, employ diametrically different metabolic transformations. The prodrug undergoes a predictable metabolic activation prior to exhibiting its pharmacological effects in a target tissue while the antedrug undergoes metabolic deactivation in the systemic circulation upon leaving a target tissue. An increased therapeutic index is the aspiration for both approaches in designing as well as evaluation criteria. The recent research endeavors of prodrugs include the gene-directed and antibody-directed enzymatic activation of a molecule in a targeted tissue, organ specific delivery, improved bioavailabilities and cellular penetration of nucleotides. As for antedrugs, emphasis in research has been based upon the design and synthesis of systemically inactive molecule by incorporating a metabolically labile functional group into an active molecule.
Lee, Daehee,Myung, Jaeha,Tan, Jeiwan,Hyun, Sang-Hoon,Irvine, John T.S.,Kim, Joosun,Moon, Jooho Elsevier Sequoia 2017 Journal of Power Sources Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can oxidize diverse fuels by harnessing oxygen ions. Benefited by this feature, direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuels without external reformers allows for cost-effective realization of SOFC systems. Superior hydrocarbon reforming catalysts such as nickel are required for this application. However, carbon coking on nickel-based anodes and the low efficiency associated with hydrocarbon fueling relegate these systems to immature technologies. Herein, we present methane-fueled SOFCs operated under conditions of catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). Utilizing CPOX eliminates carbon coking on Ni and facilitates the oxidation of methane. Ni-gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) anode-based cells exhibit exceptional power densities of 1.35 W cm<SUP>−2</SUP> at 650 °C and 0.74 W cm<SUP>−2</SUP> at 550 °C, with stable operation over 500 h, while the similarly prepared Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia anode-based cells exhibit a power density of 0.27 W cm<SUP>−2</SUP> at 650 °C, showing gradual degradation. Chemical analyses suggest that combining GDC with the Ni anode prevents the oxidation of Ni due to the oxygen exchange ability of GDC. In addition, CPOX operation allows the usage of stainless steel current collectors. Our results demonstrate that high-performance SOFCs utilizing methane CPOX can be realized without deterioration of Ni-based anodes using cost-effective current collectors.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Direct CH<SUB>4</SUB> fueled SOFCs operated via catalytic partial oxidation are demonstrated. </LI> <LI> A high performance of 0.74 W cm<SUP>−2</SUP> at 550 °C is achieved. </LI> <LI> Enhanced CH<SUB>4</SUB> conversion suggests a promising internal reforming by CPOX. </LI> <LI> Adsorption dynamics on Ni catalysts is elucidated. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>