Jude the Obscure의 自然主義的 觀點 : 주로 形式, 素材, 方法面을 中心으로 Chiefly paying attention to Form, Subject Matter, Mathod

安鎭洙 단국대학교 1984 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

In this paper, I've observed the process that Thomas Hardy traces Jude's dream, frustration and conflict in terms of a naturalistic form, subject matter and method in Jude the Obscure. In every respect, Jude the Obscure meets the theoretical requirements of naturalism. As for the form, Jude's marriage-failure is thought to be due to his origin (blood, heredity) and the effects of milieu and cricumstances (unreasonable ready-made ethics, social convention), through which the desire to trace the evolution of a human being is the characteristically drawn-out form of the naturalist novel. In the subject matter, Jude the Obscure is based on the realistic description of the problems of poverty, exploiting, dirtiness which naturalists treat willingly. Hardy expresses his will to reform social institution in Jude. Accordingly he is called a meliorist. In other words, owing to the unreasonable man-made institutions, even the normal sexual drive is distorted and the cursed married life is compared to a trap in which man and wife are caught. (Chapter Ⅱ Part Fourth) Jude and Sue are trapped in a maze of unhappiness, from which there is no escape except death. Therefore, Hardy argues that we should straighten the distorted human nature by renovating the old-fashioned institutions and coventions. Realistically describing the various irrational social systems and delivering attacks against them seem to be Hardy's intention to stress on the recognition that if there is a better way, it is to see the worst. Jude the Obscure deals forcibly, often critically and sometimes bitterly, with a variety of themes: education, marriage, sex, religion, ethics, blood, modern man's hypochondria. Speaking of the method, he describes the social environment scientifically and too far minutely. The structure is stone-mason's geometry which consists of parallelism and symmetry. Marcel attributes this trait to Hardy's training and professional experience as an architect. Finally, the resume of the story is as follows: Part One is primarily an account of Jude's youth up to the moment he departs for Christminster in search of learning. Part Two (at Christminster) brings Hardy's spiritual Whittington to his London where he is taught that his desire for learning had been only "a social unrest which had no foundation in the nobler instincts; which was purely an artificial product of civilization." In Part Three Jude, having realized that learning is vain and that only his "altruistic feeling" had any "foundation in the nobler instincts," goes to Melchester. In Part Four Jude's education is almost lost sight of in the welter of narrative detail. There follows in Part Five a period when "the twain were happy―between their times of sadness―"Hardy shows them as devoted lovers at the Great Wessex Agricultural show. In Part Six, it is here at Christminster that Hardy makes the most extreme use of his one completely symbolic character, Father Time. All through Part Five he has been used to strike the ominous note which remind us that Sue and Jude's moderate happiness is a snare and a delusion. Jude the Obscure is Hardy's bleakest, most pessimistic, most depressing novel without any happy and pastoral atmosphere from the beginning to the end. On the assumption that we should renovate the various irrational social systems, Hardy is convinced that the melancholy and depressed atmosphere can be converted into a bright one.

NaOH 첨가에 따른 음식물찌꺼기 고온 혐기성 산발효

안철우,이철승,서종환,박진식,문추연,장성호,김수생 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효에 있어 여러 조건들 중 온도가 효율적인 가수분해와 산발효에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 고온(55℃)과 중온(35℃)에서 각각 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 음식물찌꺼기의 혐기성 산발효시 산생성 효율을 높이기 위한 전처리 과정으로 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입한 결과 가수분해효율을 표현한 가용화 정도(Solubilization)가 0.01 g NaOH/g TS이하로 투입된 경우 0.01 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)이하를 나타내었으나, 0.05 g NaOH/g TS이상을 투입했을 때는 0.07~0.09 mgSCOD_(prod)/mgICOD_(inf)로 나타났다. 따라서 음식물찌꺼기에 NaOH를 투입하여 효율적인 가수분해가 이루어지기 위해서는 g TS당 0.05 g이상의 NaOH가 투입되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 음식물찌꺼기를 NaOH로 전처리한 후 고온(55℃) 산발효를 실시했을 때 0.05 g NaOH/g TS 투입시 SCOD의 증가치 3,800 mg/L로 최대의 가용화와 산생성에 효과적인 pH 5.95를 얻을 수 있었다. 0.05 g NaOH/g TS를 투입하여 중온(35℃)에서 산발효를 실시한 경우와 비교하여 SCOD 증가치가 약 5배 정도 높았고, 최대 가용화에 이르는 시간도 중온의 2/3 정도로 짧아 음식물찌꺼기의 가용화에는 고온이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. NaOH 0.05 g NaOH/g TS로 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기의 산발효 결과 고온(55℃) 및 중온(35℃)에서 각각 반응시작 후 72시간에 12,600 mg/L, 120tlrksdp 9,800 mg/L의 VFA농도를 나타내어 동일기질을 이용하여 산발효를 실시했을 때 중온보다는 고온에서 미생물의 활성증대와 유기물의 가수분해가 촉진되어 VFA생성이 효율적인 것으로 판단되었다. 고온에서 NaOH에 전처리된 음식물찌꺼기를 산발효 시켰을 때 VFA가 가장 높았던 시점을 기준으로 VFA의 조성을 조사한 결과 acetic acid가 45.9%, butyric acid가 26.7%, propionic acid가 13.9% 등으로 총 유기산 발생량의 86.5%를 차지하였다. This study showed that thermophilic anaerobic acid fermentation of food wastes had an enhanced hydrolysis capability and improvement of acidification efficiency. Influence of pH on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis was investigated to determine the proper alkalinity in the thermophilic fermentation of food wastes. The results of putting NaOH as alkali to evaluate hydrolysis and acid fermentation efficiency in acid fermentation process of food wastes showed that the food wastes pretreated with 0.05 g NaOH/g TS had the maximum 12,600 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 3 days in 55℃ hermophilic condition and the maximum 9,700 mg/L of VFAs concentration during HRT 5 days in 35℃ mesophilic condition. The accomplishment of high VFAs concentration resulted from that the main component of food wastes such as cellulose, lignin and etc. is performed active chemical decomposition by alkali in thermophilic condition. The major components of VFAs produced from the thermophilic acid fermentation process of food wastes were the short chain fatty acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid.

객체지향 테스팅을 지원하는 전통적인 테스팅에 관한 연구

안종근,추연수,이진영 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1998 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.3 No.3

Computer software is widly used such as nuclear electric development, missle system, large scale industrial process etc. In these systems, small mistake may bring on serious damage. There are unit testing, integration testing, and system testing by the view of scale. Also there are functional testing and structral testing by the view of methodology. There are some trouble-such as inheritance, encapsulation, and reusable-object-oriented program apply to procedural program testing in unit testing. However object-oriented program testing is need for additional consideration. Object-oriented program is constitute interaction of message. So almost object-oriented program testing is focus to functional testing. But functional testing technique cannot find error because don't know implementation of program. In this paper, I suggest Class Call Graph in order to know how interaction object and function. And then perform traditional testing technique to object-oriented program testing.

수용액상 MEK 분리용 접촉식 분리막 시스템에 대한 물질전달계수 : 실험 및 이론적 고찰 Experimental and Theoretical Aspects

안효성,오윤진,이수복,이용택 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.3

휘발성 유기 용매 중의 하나인 MEK(methyl ethyl ketone)를 수용액으로부터 평막형 접촉식 분리막을 이용하여 분리하고자 하였으며, 사용된 접촉식 분리막 장치에 대한 이론적, 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 구하고자 하였다. 회분식 분리 실험 장치에 상업용 다공성, 소수성 PDDF 분리막을 설치 이용하였으며 분리막 표면 위에 형성되는 농도 분극 경계층에 대한 Sh수(Sherwood number), Re(Reynolds number), Sc수(Schmidt number)의 관계식을 지지액막을 이용한 페놀 분리 실험을 통하여 결정하였다. 이 관계식을 사용하여 동일한 실험장치에 설치한 접촉식 분릭막으로 용매를 사용 MEK를 분리하는데 필요한 이론적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 산출하였다. 회분식 접촉식 분리막 실험 장치에 대한 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수를 얻기 위한 식을 도출하였으며, MEK 분리 실험 결과를 적용하여 실험적 총괄 물질 전달 계수 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 이론적 총괄 물질 전달 계수와 실험적 물질 전달 계수 값들은 같은 차수를 보여주는 범위에서 비교적 잘 일치함을 확인할 수 있었다. MEK(methyl ethyl ketone), one of major volatile organic compounds(voc), was separated from its aqueous solution using a flat membrance contactor. The overall mass transfer coefficient observed experimentally. A correlation equation of Sherwood number was determined in terms of Reynolds number and Schmidt number for the concentration boundary layer which might exist on the surface of the commercially available porous PVDF membrane installed in a batch type apparatus. This correlation equation was determined experimentally from a separation experiments of phenol by a supported liquid membrane set up in the same apparatus. It was applied to estimate a theoretical overall mass transfer coefficient of MEK through the membrane contactor installed in the same apparatus. An experimental overall mass transfer coefficient could be obtained from the equation which was derived to describe the MEK separation phenomena in the batch type membrane contactor. The theoretical overall mass transfer coefficient was in good agreement with the experimental overall mass transfer coefficient in a sense that they are in the same order of magnitude.

Thomas Hardy와 D. H. Lawrence의 비극관 비교 연구

안진수 단국대학교 1999 論文集 Vol.34 No.-

The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the tragic vision of Thomas Hardy and D. H. lawrence through their literary world, especially some of their novels. Both Hardy and Lawrence admired tragedies. Hardy's admiration was also accompanied by what is called his pessimistic philosophy of life.He frankly believed and proclaimed that we live on a "blighted star" and that it is natural for things to go wrong, for hopes to be frustrated, for brave rebels to be defeated and for his protagonists to spend their life in an unfruitful quest of fulfilment. Hardly mostly presents drama on a smaller scale-as enacted in the lives of ordinary people, in small place and comprising the stuff of our sympathies than the tales of the great heroes of the past ages. Lawrence admired Hardy's art, but not his philosophy. Lawrence appreciated tragedies but believed that an artist's work should be a "kick at misery". But the beliefs of Lawrence the man have very little to do with Lawrence the artist. His philosophy of life as presented in his letters and dogmatic essays has very little in common with vision of life and the plight of man as presented in his works of art. His artistic experiences were similar to Hardy's. His perceptions of life was not very different from Hardy's. So, in spite of all the obvious differences, there is a fundamantal similarity in his vision of life as preaented by the two writers. To a casual reader Lawrende's works may seem to affirm optimism and to preaent a happy vision of life. but Lawrence's very dogmatic optimis shows that he protests too much. Lawrence the artist could not but see that we live in a blighted world and that there is no other world for us to escape to, but Lawrence the prophet refused to accept the authenticity of his vision and proclaimed ways of escape. But on careful analysis the ways prove to be impracticable-and Lawrence the artist was aware of this and was always in conflict with Lawrence the philosopher. Lawrence's novels owe a great debt to Hardy in their ideas, characterization, and certain subtleties of technique. Both Hardy and Lawrence dislike city life and find beauty and happiness for man in the quiet countryside. Both Hardy and Lawrence reject modern mechanized life. Hardy shows the unhappiness of men and women under the artificial system. One step more, Lawrence shows the happiness of people freedfrom the bondages of the system. Here he differs from Hardy. Unlike Hardy's, Lawrence's main concern was not the presentation of the tragic vision of life, but the search for solutions to the problems of life. But his novels give us the actual process of the search - and that in itself is full of tragic qualities. Considering the modern age, we find ourselves echoing lawrence: "Ours is essentially a tragic age".(LCL. 5)

D.H. Lawrence의 소설에 미친 Thomas Hardy의 영향 : 주로 주제와 기교면을 중심으로 Chiefly Paying Attention to Theme and Technique

安鎭洙 단국대학교 1995 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

This paper sought to illuminate the affinities between Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) and D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) as novelists through examining their shared themes, sympathies and ideals for the novel as a literary form. Accordingly, in this paper, I would like to develop the fact that, from Hardy to Lawrence, English novel changed radically in Theme and Technique, and that Hardy's characters were the first to be shaped by means of their relationship to landscape and animal life. I intended to clarify the fact that Hardy was the first novelist to develop metaphors of human life with lower orders in the chain of being, and that this element could be ween contiually in English and American novels. But this subject was too wide for me to handle in this short paper. I decided that my focus should be limited to the study of "Hardy's Influence on Lawrence's Novels", especially on his theme and technique. Referring to Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy and comparing two novelists' novels, I observed that Lawrence's debt as a novelist to Hardy was large, especially in the novels of Lawrence's early period (1908-13) : The White Peacock (1911), Sons and Lovers (1913) Lawrence was seeking his own voice and style ; and if he eventually moved away from Hardy to create a new kind of novel, his point of origin was the ground which Hardy had prepared. that ground was the landscape of Wessex, and the unhappy humans moving across it. Lawrence took a serious view of this landscape throughout his study of Hardy. In this paper, I summarized Hardy's Influence on Lawrence's novels as follows : Lawrence's landscape description in Peacock is direct imitation of Hardy's Return or Woodlanders. The chief symbols in Peacock are again borrowings from Hardy. Lawrence derives his character configuration in Peacock from Hardy's Jude (Lettie/Sue). Pecock reflects the spirit of Hardy on every level of theme and technique. Two novelists are concerned with the same theme, the relationship between man and woman. Hardy constructs his plot action around a triangular character-plan : Sue and Arabelle at the base, Jude at the apex. Lawrence follows a closely identical plan in Sons. In both novels, the note of sexual vitality and spontaneity is attached to one of the female characters (Arabella/Clara). Conclusively speaking, Hardy influenced Lawrence in the following three area : first, Hardy is frequently considered the major literary influence on Lawrence's first novel, Peacock. Second, Hardy is often credited with having influenced Lawrence in certain technical and stylistic ways. The third area is their shared thematic and sympathetic patterns along with shared ideals for the novel as a literary form.

『테스』의 포스트모던적 관점 : 「순결한 여성」의 재현과 재현 불가능에 대하여 Paying attention to Representation and Misrepresentation of the Subtitle. ' A Pure Woman'

안진수 단국대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

The aim of this study is to answer the following questions from a postmodernist's view : Is Hardy's 'Pure woman' faithfully presented by Thomas Hardy? Does the subtitle suggest just how ironically conscious Hardy was of representation as a potent source, precisely, of misrepresentation? Had the image already substantively replaced 'the thing itself' for Hardy? Was already discrediting the notion there is an ultimate reality, or true essence, outside of history and discourse - such as human nature of pure woman? To achieve the above - mentioned aim, in chapter Ⅰ, I sought the general character of Hardy's imagination in his power of visualization. I concluded that Hardy's novels are visual novels. It is in his ability to make us see that his greatest strength lies. In Ⅱ, I reflected briefly on the general state of the last two decades of Hardy criticism from realism to postmodernism. In Ⅲ, I tried to define the meaning of 'Vision' and 'Moment', but only to find their ambiguity. In Ⅳ, I knew that Hardy's subtitle. "A Pure Woman" could only be presented as visualizations, only as she appeared, but that the basic realities of her existence were unknowable, unrepresentable. Conclusively, in chapter Ⅴ, I certified the absence of 'A pure woman', Hardy's novel, then, well ahead of its time, seems to be dismantling the bourgeois - humanist notion of the unified and unitary human subject.

Sons and Lovers 연구 : 욕망과 갈등의 삼각구조를 중심으로 Chiefly focusing on the interlocking traingles

안진수 단국대학교 1997 論文集 Vol.31 No.-

My chief aim of this paper is to clarify the destructive effects of a mother's love on her sons(William, Paul). Especially I try to focus my attention on the deep structure from which many tragic and interlocking triangles among the characters in Sons and Lovers are made. Additionally, I would like to investigate the obvious influences of Shakespeare and Hardy. Sons and Lovers can be and has been read as the first great novel of English working-class life written from the standpoint of an insider: as a crucial episode in Lawrence's spiritual and psychological autobiography, providing him with opportunities emotionally damaging circumstances of his early upbringing within a household constantly disturbed by parental strife and economic anxiety: and a major work of art that enlarges the formal possibilities and greatly extends the affective range of English prose fiction in this century. I would like to conclude that major tragic problems in Sons and Lovers arise because of Mrs. Morel's demands of crippling her sons and her considerations, 'higher' than sensuality. She is a 'Puritan' and tries to refine and elevate her husband: when she fails she starts to despise him and tries again, first with William and then with Paul. In the aspects of theme and form. Lawrence owed a great deal to Thomas Hardy and William Shakespeare.

Aluminum 合金材 Frame을 利用한 壁體거푸집工法의 實用化를 위한 工事費 分析에 관한 硏究

안재철,안진봉,정민수,강병희 東亞大學校 建設技術硏究所 2000 硏究論文集 Vol.24 No.2

This study is to investigate economical efficiency of using ALWOOD Form compared with that of EURO Form. ALWOOD Form is improved in the capacity in the wall-concrete structure in stead of using the existing form which has problems such as, the loss of labor when it is constructed or disjointed, and it's economical efficiency compared with that of EURO Form. The price of ALWOOD Form is more expensive than that of EURO Form due to its main material, aluminum-compound metal, composing frames. In a consequence, the cost of materials per unit area is increased. However, labor cost of ALWOOD Form based on the result of mobilization of manpower in construction field is saved due to the reduction of labor in using ALWOOD Form compared with that of EURO Form. As a result, using ALWOOD Form is more economical than that of EURO Form because saving labor cost which plays a major part in cost saving in formwork is more effective in retrenching total cost than increment of material cost. 철근 콘크리트조 건축공사에서 거푸집공사는 전체 공사기간 중에서 25% 정도의 비중을 차지하며, 단일 공종으로서는 상당히 긴공기를 필요로 하는 공사이다. 따라서, 거푸집공사는 주공정 (critica1 path)이 되고 있으며, 구조체 공사비의 30-40%, 전체공사비의10% 정도를 차지하므로 공기단축과 원가절감을 도모하는데 핵심적인 위치를 차지하고 있다. 이러한 거푸집공사는 최근 건설현장의 기능인력 부족과 노무비 상승, 3D업종의 기피,공사규모의 대형화,고층화 등의 사회환경의 변화와 많은 기술환경의 변화에 따라 거푸집의 대형화, 경량화, 기계화, 단순화, Unit화 그리고 높은 전용횟수를 요구하게 되었다. 그러나 현재 RC조 고층 벽식 구조물의 거푸집 공법으로 범용되고 있는 시스템화 거푸집의 일종인 “EURO Form"은 중량이 커서 부재의 크기가 작고 해체, 조립의 반복에 따른 인력의 소모가 많으며, 이음부위 면처리 비용이 많이 드는 등의 단점이 있어 이에 대한 보완이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 비중이 낮고 성형성이 우수하여 합리척인 설계가 가능한 알루미늄 합금재 프레임을 이용한 거푸집공법(이하 ALWOOD Form 공법)이 개발되어 일부 건설현장에서 시범 적용중에 있으나 원가관리를 위한 기초 자료가 부족하여 그 적용이 곤란한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 ALWOOD Form과 EURO Fonn의 공사바 비교 · 분석을 통해 건설현장에서 거푸집공법 선정시 원가관리 측면에서의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이있다.

다중경로 페이딩 채널 하에서 하이브리드 SC-MRC 다이버시티 성능 분석

安重守,朴鎭秀 충주대 2003 産業科學論文集 Vol.11 No.-

This was compared and analyzed the influence of the fading index and the number of branches of diversity in the multi-path fading channel environment of the BER system function when the MRC diversity type and the hybrid SC-MRC are applied to the DS-CDMA system. In addition, It was consdered the cases when the number of branches were 2, 3, and 4. As a result, It is verified that when the actual communication environment is inferior, the hybrid SC-MRC diversity-type that selects a strong signal to be received on an individual number of branches could replace the MRC diversity-type, as a method to achieve a similar performance by reducing the complexity of the system.