프랑스 우생 운동의 과학적 토대: 19세기 후반에서 20세기 전반까지

이정희 ( Lee¸ Jeonghee ) 호남사학회 2021 역사학연구 Vol.83 No.-

19세기 말에서 20세기 초 복잡한 정치적·사회적 상황 속에서 등장한 문제들을 해결하기 위한 수단으로 이용된 우생학은 당시 수용되고 있던 과학이론들과 밀접한 연관이 있었다. 이 연구는 프랑스 우생학 운동의 특징적 성격이 어떻게 당시에 수용된 과학이론들과 밀접한 연결고리를 지니고 있었는지를 고찰한다. 프랑스 우생학의 과학적 토대는 다양한 기원과 과정을 보여준다. 드라푸쥬의 우생학을 뒷받침해준 골튼과 다윈주의 이론, 피나르를 비롯한 의사들이 주도한 의료우생학의 지지대로서의 신라마르크주의, 그리고 신맬더스주의의 네거티브 우생학의 토대가 되었던 멘델주의를 들 수 있다. 그 가운데서도 프랑스 우생학은 특히 신라마르크주의로 뒷받침된 사회위생학으로 상징된다. 하지만 프랑스 우생학이 라마르크주의의 영향과 출산장려 정책만으로 설명되지는 않는다. 우생학 운동의 모든 시기에 걸쳐 부적격자로 낙인된 자들을 제거해야한다는 주장도 지속적으로 제기되고 있었던 것이다. 프랑스 우생학적 실천을 지지하는 이론적 기반으로 작용했던 과학이론들은 프랑스 이외에도 많은 국가들에서 유사한 역할을 했다. 하지만 동일한 과학이론이 수용되고 응용되는 과정은 각 지역 마다의 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화적 맥락에 따라 다양한 스타일로 변형되어 차이를 드러낸다. Eugenics, an instrument for solving problems caused by complicated political and social circumstances during the end of the 19th Century to the early 20th century, was closely related with the accepted scientific theories of the period. This research analyses particularly the role of sciences for the French Eugenics movements. De Lapouge was particularly influenced by Darwinism and Biometrics of Francis Galton. Medical Eugenics led by medical doctors such as Adolph Pinard was largely impelled by Neo-Lamarckism. Neo-Malthusian negative eugenics was impelled by Mendelism. Among those scientific backgrounds, it has been particularly emphasized that French Eugenics movement was a kind of social hygienic movement of Lamarckian background, However, negative eugenics never disappeared in French eugenics movements. Furthermore, scientific theories supporting French eugenics movements were playing similarly important roles for the eugenics movements of the other countries. Yet those theories were deployed quite differently according to the political, cultural and economic backgrounds of the particular society.

낮은 수준의 범주형 기본소득의 의미: 경기도 청년기본소득 수급 청년의 경험

서정희 ( Seo¸ Jeonghee ),이지은 ( Lee¸ Ji-eun ) 한국사회보장학회 2021 사회보장연구 Vol.37 No.4

본 연구의 연구 문제는 두 가지다. 첫째, 낮은 수준의 범주형 기본소득이 기본소득의 특성과 가치를 경험하게 하는가? 둘째, 낮은 수준의 범주형 기본소득이 보편적 기본소득으로 나아가는 이행경로로서 보편적 기본소득을 상상하게 하는가? 이는 한국에서 낮은 수준의 범주형 기본소득의 시행이 기본소득의 실현 가능성이라는 측면에서 기본소득의 요소들을 경험하게 하는지, 그리고 범주형 기본소득을 경험한 사람들이 그 경험을 토대로 보편적 기본소득으로의 이행을 지지할 것인지를 규명하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 1년간 경기도 청년기본소득을 수령한 42명의 연구참여자를 대상으로 총 28회의 개별인터뷰와 초점집단인터뷰를 수행하였다. 주요 분석 결과, 첫째, 연구참여자의 다수가 그간 한국 기본소득의 무조건성과 개별성을 매우 긍정적으로 경험하였다. 둘째, 청년이라는 범주에 한정된 범주형 기본소득은 그 자체로 제도의 정당성 논리가 되었다. 한국 사회에서 청년의 삶에 대한 인식과 비판은 청년 범주에 한정된 범주형 기본소득을 정당화하고 내면화하는데 동력으로 작용했다. 셋째, 기본소득의 요소에 대한 긍정적 경험과 청년이라는 범주형 기본소득에 대한 경험, 그리고 낮은 수준이라는 점은 보편적 기본소득의 실현가능성이라는 측면에서 복합적으로 작동하였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 본 연구는 기본소득의 실현 가능성이라는 측면에서 범주형 기본소득보다 부분 기본소득이 이행 가능성을 더 높이는 전략이 될 수 있음을 정책적 함의로 제시한다. This paper examines two research questions. First, does the youth basic income at a low level allow the benefited to experience the characteristics and values of basic income? Second, does the categorical basic income make them imagine a universal basic income as a transitional path to universal basic income? This study aims to determine whether the implementation of the categorical basic income as an institutionalized policy in South Korea allows people to experience the elements of basic income in terms of the feasibility of universal basic income and whether those who have experienced the youth basic income would support universal basic income in the end. To this investigation, a total of 28 individual interviews and focus group interviews were conducted with 42 research participants who benefited from the Gyeonggi Youth Basic Income for one year. As a result of the main analysis, first of all, many of the participants had experienced the unconditionality and individuality of the youth basic income very favorably. Second, the categorical basic income limited to the category of youth became the logic of legitimacy of the system in itself. Awareness and criticism of youth's lives in Korean society acted as a driving force to justify and internalize the categorical basic income of youth. Third, In terms of the feasibility of universal basic income, the positive experience of the elements of basic income, the experience of the categorical basic income of youth, and the fact that it was insufficient acted in a complex. From the results of this analysis, this study suggests, as a policy implication, that a partial basic income would be a better strategy for increasing the viability of a universal basic income rather than a categorical basic income.

Synthesis, structure, and ligand exchange of a copper(II)-based molecular helix with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylates

Lee, Jeonghee,Kang, Philjae,Choi, Moon-Gun,Yoo, Hyojong Gordon and Breach Science Pub 2015 Journal of coordination chemistry Vol.68 No.3

Development of Diode Based High Energy X-ray Spatial Dose Distribution Measuring Device

Jeonghee Lee,Ikhyun Kim,Jong-Won Park,Yong-Kon Lim,Myungkook Moon,Sangheon Lee,Chang Hwy Lim 대한방사선방어학회 2018 방사선방어학회지 Vol.43 No.3

The Effect of Grid Ratio and Material of Anti-scatter Grid on the Scatter-to-primary Ratio and the Signal-to-noise Ratio Improvement Factor in Container Scanner X-ray Imaging

Lee, Jeonghee,Lim, Chang Hwy,Park, Jong-Won,Kim, Ik-Hyun,Moon, Myung Kook,Lim, Yong-Kon The Korean Association for Radiation Protection 2017 방사선방어학회지 Vol.42 No.4

Background: X-ray imaging detectors for the nondestructive cargo container inspection using MeV-energy X-rays should accurately portray the internal structure of the irradiated container. Internal and external factors can cause noise, affecting image quality, and scattered radiation is the greatest source of noise. To obtain a high-performance transmission image, the influence of scattered radiation must be minimized, and this can be accomplished through several methods. The scatter rejection method using an anti-scatter grid is the preferred method to reduce the impact of scattered radiation. In this paper, we present an evaluation the characteristics of the signal and noise according to physical and material changes in the anti-scatter grid of the imaging detector used in cargo container scanners. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the characteristics of the signal and noise according to changes in the grid ratio and the material of the anti-scatter grid in an X-ray image detector using MCNP6. The grid was composed of iron, lead, or tungsten, and the grid ratio was set to 2.5, 12.5, 25, or 37.5. X-ray spectrum sources for simulation were generated by 6- and 9-MeV electron impacts on the tungsten target using MCNP6. The object in the simulation was designed using metallic material of various thicknesses inside the steel container. Using the results of the computational simulation, we calculated the change in the scatter-to-primary ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio improvement factor according to the grid ratio and the grid material, respectively. Results and Discussion: Changing the grid ratios of the anti-scatter grid and the grid material decreased the scatter linearly, affecting the signal-to-noise ratio. Conclusion: The grid ratio and material of the anti-scatter grid affected the response characteristics of a container scanner using high-energy X-rays, but to a minimal extent; thus, it may not be practically effective to incorporate anti-scatter grids into container scanners.

Political Leadership with Fiscal Discipline : Proposal for Hard Budget Constraints in Korean Local Governments

Jeonghee Lee 한국지방계약학회 2013 지방계약연구 Vol.4 No.2

재정준칙(fiscal rules)이란 재정정책의 모수에 대한 공식화된 제한으로서 총량적 재정지 표에 대하여 구체적인 목표수치를 동반한 재정운용 목표를 법제화한 재정운용제도라고 정의할 수 있으며 균형예산준칙, 채무준칙, 재정적자준칙, 지출준칙, 세입준칙 등의 형태가 있다. 선진 국을 중심으로 근래 재정준칙이 지방정부의 적자편향성의 문제에 대한 주요한 해법으로도 제안 되고 있으며 정부의 재정건전성의 확보가 중요한 정책문제로 대두된 우리나라도 재정준칙의 도 입을 적극적으로 고려해볼 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 본논문은 재정준칙 전반과 지방정부의 재 정활동에 관한 문헌연구를 바탕으로 우리나라 지방정부의 상황에 맞는 재정준칙 설계에 필요한 지식을 제시해보고자 한다. 먼저 재정준칙제도 이해하기 위하여 재정준칙의 개념화 및 유형, 유형별 장단점을 검토한 후 주요 선진국의 지방정부의 재정준칙제도를 검토하여 공통적인 제도 적 구성요소를 도출한다. 이러한 비교를 바탕으로 지방정부에 도입시 고려해야 할 사항들을 검 토한 후 우리나라의 지방정부의 정치 행정적 상황에 맞는 재정준칙 설계시 고려해야 할 사항을 제안해본다.

Identification of <i>ROS1</i> rearrangement in gastric adenocarcinoma

Lee, Jeeyun,Lee, Seung Eun,Kang, So Young,Do, In‐,Gu,Lee, Sujin,Ha, Sang Yun,Cho, Jeonghee,Kang, Won Ki,Jang, Jiryeon,Ou, Sai‐,Hong Ignatius,Kim, Kyoung‐,Mee Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2013 Cancer Vol.119 No.9

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B></P><P>Recently, chromosomal rearrangements involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been described in common epithelial malignancies, including nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. One of these RTKs, c‐ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1), has been identified as a driver mutation in NSCLC, because its inhibition by crizotinib, an anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK)/met proto‐oncogene hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)/ROS1 inhibitor, led to significant tumor shrinkage in <I>ROS1</I>‐rearranged NSCLC. Currently, only human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)‐targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy has been successful in significantly prolonging the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). There is a need for the discovery of additional novel targets in GC.</P><P><B>METHODS:</B></P><P>Anti‐ROS1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to screen 495 GC samples and was followed by simultaneous <I>ROS1</I> break‐apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses in IHC‐positive samples. Fusion partners in <I>ROS1</I>‐rearranged GC were determined by RT‐PCR. In all 495 samples, <I>HER2</I> amplification was identified with FISH, and MET expression was identified by IHC.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B></P><P>Twenty‐three tumor samples were ROS1 IHC‐positive. Three of 23 patients were <I>ROS1</I> FISH positive, <I>HER2</I> FISH negative, and negative for MET overexpression; and 2 of those 3 patients harbored a solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2 (<I>SLC34A2)</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> fusion transcripts. No fusion partner was identified in the third patient. Both patients who had <I>SLC34A2</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> transcripts had poorly differentiated histology with recurrence and death within 2 years of curative surgery. ROS1 IHC‐positive status was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS:</B></P><P>In this study, an <I>SLC34A2</I>‐<I>ROS1</I> rearrangement was identified in GC, and the results provide a rationale for investigating the clinical efficacy of ROS1 inhibitors in this unique molecular subset of GC. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.</P>

Dual-memory neural networks for modeling cognitive activities of humans via wearable sensors

Lee, Sang-Woo,Lee, Chung-Yeon,Kwak, Dong-Hyun,Ha, Jung-Woo,Kim, Jeonghee,Zhang, Byoung-Tak Elsevier 2017 Neural networks Vol.92 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Wearable devices, such as smart glasses and watches, allow for continuous recording of everyday life in a real world over an extended period of time or lifelong. This possibility helps better understand the cognitive behavior of humans in real life as well as build human-aware intelligent agents for practical purposes. However, modeling the human cognitive activity from wearable-sensor data stream is challenging because learning new information often results in loss of previously acquired information, causing a problem known as catastrophic forgetting. Here we propose a deep-learning neural network architecture that resolves the catastrophic forgetting problem. Based on the neurocognitive theory of the complementary learning systems of the neocortex and hippocampus, we introduce a dual memory architecture (DMA) that, on one hand, slowly acquires the structured knowledge representations and, on the other hand, rapidly learns the specifics of individual experiences. The DMA system learns continuously through incremental feature adaptation and weight transfer. We evaluate the performance on two real-life datasets, the CIFAR-10 image-stream dataset and the 46-day Lifelog dataset collected from Google Glass, showing that the proposed model outperforms other online learning methods.</P>

High Expression of MicroRNA-196a Indicates Poor Prognosis in Resected Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor

Lee, Yoon Suk,Kim, Haeryoung,Kim, Hyoung Woo,Lee, Jong-Chan,Paik, Kyu-Hyun,Kang, Jingu,Kim, Jaihwan,Yoon, Yoo-Seok,Han, Ho-Seong,Sohn, Insuk,Cho, Jeonghee,Hwang, Jin-Hyeok Williams & Wilkins Co 2015 Medicine Vol.94 No.50

<▼1><P>Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>There is limited data on miRNA expression in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). In this study, we aimed to identify miRNAs that could be potential prognostic biomarkers of PanNETs in patients who underwent curative surgery.</P><P>For miRNA target screening, 2 primary PanNETs and corresponding liver metastases were screened for miRNA expression by the NanoString nCounter analysis. Candidate miRNAs were selected by ≥2-fold difference of expression between metastatic versus primary tumor. For miRNA target validation, quantitative real-time PCR was performed for candidate miRNAs on 37 PanNETs and matched nonneoplastic pancreata, and the miRNA levels were correlated with the clinicopathological features and patient survival data.</P><P>Eight miRNAs (miRNA-27b, -122, -142–5p, -196a, -223, -590–5p, -630, and -944) were selected as candidate miRNAs. Only miR-196a level was significantly associated with stage, and mitotic count. When PanNETs were stratified into high (n = 10) and low (n = 27) miRNA-196a expression groups, miRNA-196a-high PanNETs were significantly associated with advanced pathologic T stage (50.0% vs 7.4%), N stage (50.0% vs 3.7%), higher mitotic counts (60.0% vs 3.7%), and higher Ki-67-labeling indices (60.0% vs 22.2%). In addition, high miRNA-196a expression was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (<I>P</I> = 0.046) and disease-free survival (<I>P</I> < 0.001) during a median follow-up of 37.9 months with the hazard ratio for recurrence of 16.267 (95% confidence interval = 1.732–153.789; <I>P</I> = 0.015).</P><P>MiRNA-196a level may be a promising prognostic marker of recurrence in resected PanNETs, although further experimental investigation would be required.</P></▼2>

Study on the Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety of Regionally Anesthetized Patients to Medical Operations

Jeonghee Lee,Oknam Hwang 한국간호과학회 2005 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.10