Reality and Postmodern 소설들 : Nabokov와 Barth의 경우 Nabokov and Barth

宋昌鎬,徐正烈 金烏工科大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Since Wolrd War Ⅱ, America has witnessed a aseries of political, socail and cultureal events which consequently created somewhat apocalyptic landscape in American society. And the postwar American writers have attempted to challenge the validity and legitamacy of traditional values, norms, and contents, and tried to create new order. They have become more interested in unreason, irrationality, and madness than ectreme rationality. 'Reality' which has been recognized as an absolute and attaainable convention has been converted intoja tentative illusion by most comtemporary writers. In a world of utter void where the absolute truth and reason is perpetually absent they have sought a new order which can be perceived through author's and reader's epistemological participation not through ontological understanding. Vladimir Nabokov suggests that reality should be infinite succcession of steps, levels of perception, and so unquenchable. He expects his readers tobe creative, imagenative, and artistic, not to be lost in his labyrinthic plot. In Lolita he tried to render the reality of the novel more illusory through literary allusion, role0play, and world-play. Humbert's confession to his nyphomaniac love to Lolita should not understand a real event but a fictitious convention. John Barth's skepticism and distrust in the absolut value, trust and reality appears as early as in his firstnovel, The Floating Opera. From the outset of his career, Barth firmly denounce the existence of the absolute value in the world. In this novel Todd Andrews contemplates suicide,for there is no final reson for living in this world, a world with neither absolute value nor ultimate reason. At the end of the novel, however, he realized that if there is no final reason for living, there is no final reason for suicide either. He denounces the ultimate reality that constitudes the mainstream of modern society. Then he is plunged into infinite nihilism, for now he has lost his own root and is simple"floating". In The Sor-weed Factor, Barth thoroughly mocks the orthodox versions of history that absolute value. In the novel, Ebenezer can gain knowledge through a number of disillusioning experience. He learns about his ancestor's crime which was committed in the name of colonialism and radical superiority which is justified by history. At the end of the novel, however, he , too much disillusioned with the terrible reality, seems not to enthusiatically pursue new imagination which cancreate a new value system to replace the old.

韓國産 薔薇科 植物에 관한 本草學的 硏究 I

정종길,황상욱,송호준,신민교 한국전통의학연구소 2004 한국전통의학지 Vol.14 No.1

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Rosaceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been thoroughly investigated and the results obtained as follows: 1. There were totaled to 36 genera and 262 in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 27 genera, 117species, some 44% in total, but the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2. According to sum of 262 species in Rosaceae family, they were classified into Agrimonia genera 3, Potentilla genera 26, Prunus genera 48,pyrus genera 17, Rosa genera 24, Rubus genera 28, Sorbaria genera 17, Spiraea genera 20. Thus it was noticed that Prunus genera was the main kind in total. 3. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Rosaceae family were classified as Herba 24, Radix 43, Foilum 31, Fructus 48, Semen 11, cortex 14, Lignum, Ramulus;12 each Flos 3, pericarpium 3, resina 2, the others 6. so Fructus is 24% of all and it is the most applied in the clinical treatments. 4. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into balance 84, warmth, heat; 44 each, cold, cool; 35 each bitter taste 79, sweet taste 74, sour taste 61 thus it was noticed that balance and bitter taste is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants 5. According to meridian tropism of herbs they were classified into liver meridian 50 lung meridian 28, stomach meridian 22, spleen meridian 20, heart meridian 19 thus it was noticed that liver meridian is the main kind 6. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into drugs for treating detoxicant 72, drugs for treating febrifugal 55, drugs for invigorating blood circulation 53, drugs for removing dampness 46, drugs for expelling wind and drugs to stop bleeding 38 each, drugs to cure tramatic swelling and drugs for relieving pain 36 each. Thus it was noticed that drugs for treating detoxicant and febrifugal was the main kind 7. It was researched that toxic drugs include minor toxin were 10 kinds From this result, it was revealed that Fructus was the main kind in the plants for medical purpose of Rosaceae. and toxic plants was slightly poisonous that it will be used for clinical treatments more easily. It is considered that many experiments and clinical approaches must be continued to use Rosaceae plants widely.

韓國産 가지과 植物에 관한 本草學的 硏究

정대기,변종호,신민교,송호준 대한본초학회 1998 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.13 No.1

For the purpose of developing Korean Herbalogy with the plants of Solanceae which grow wild and is planted in Korea, the these and writings on herbalogy, from literature of successive generations, have been throughly investigative and the results obtained were as follows: 1. There were totaled to 13 genera and 26 species in Korea and among them medicinal plants are 11 genera, 19 species, some 73% in total but, the number of species may be added because of the similiar plants. 2. According to the oriental names which can be used for medical purpose, the medicinal plants belonging to the Solanaceae family were classified as Radix 8, Fructus 8, Herba 6 ,Foilum 5, Semen 3, Lignum and Flos 2. 3. According to sum of 26 species in Solanaceae family, they were classified into Solanum genera 8, Physalis and Capsicum genera 3 each, Datura and Nicotiana genera 2 each. Thus it was noticed that Solanum genera was the main kind, some 30% in total. 4. According to the number of species of the origin plants about each chinese materia medicals, they were calssified into HERBA SOLANI LYRATI 3, FRUCTUS CAPSICI and FLOS DATURAE 2 each. 5. According to nature and flavour of medicinal plants, they were classified into cold, cool; 17 each,warmth,heat; 8 each, balance 5 and unidentified 6. Thus it was noticed that cold and cool is the main in nature and flavour of medicinal plants. 6. According to the Properties and Principal curative action, they were classified into Drugs for treating febrifugal and detoxicant 14, Drugs for relieving pain 7, Antitussives . Diuretics . Drugs for invigorating blood circulation. Tonics 4 each, Anthelmintics 3. 7. Comparing to whole medicinal plants 19 kinds, toxic drugs include minor toxin were 3 kinds, 16% of the whole. From this result, It was revealed that the plants for medical purpose in Solanaceae was 73% of the whole, in which RADIX and FRUCTUS were abundunt. It is considered that many experiments and clinical approaches must be continued to use Solanaceae plants widely.

컴포머에 대한 복합레진의 전단결합강도에 관한 연구

정송란,최남기,양규호,김선미,송호준 大韓小兒齒科學會 2005 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.32 No.3

컴포머(compomer) 충전물이 파절될 경우 즉, 컴포머 수복이 실패했을 때 기존 컴포머의 파절된 부분(aged compomer)을 복합레진으로 수복해야 하는 경우를 고려해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 컴포머의 표면처리 방법에 따른 수리(repair)를 위한 복합레진과의 전단결합강도 변화를 알아보기 위해 두 개의 mold를 만들어서 Dyract AP, F2000를 컴포머 수복재료로, Z250을 수리용 복합레진 재료로 사용하여 컴포머와 레진을 부착시킨 시편을 제작하였다. 컴포머와 복합레진의 종류 조합, 본딩레진 사용유무, 열순환 처리 유무, 표면거칠기 부여 유무, 기존 수복물의 시효(aging)에 따라 10개의 군으로 나누어, 컴포머와 복합레진간의 전단결합강도를 측정하고 그 파절양상을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 컴포머의 복합레진에 대한 전단결합강도를 측정한 결과, Dyract AP가 F2000 보다는 높은 전단강도 값을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으며 (p>0.05), fresh 컴포머군이 aged 컴포머군보다 결합강도가 높았다(p<0.05). 2. 각 군간의 전단결합강도를 측정한 결과 Dyract AP에 접착제를 도포하고 Z250을 접착시킨 제 5군이 가장 높았으며, Dyract AP를 충전하고 1주일간 물에 보관한 후 건조시켜 표면을 roughening 한 후 Z250을 충전시킨 제 9군에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 3. 열순환을 시행한 군이 시행하지 않은 군보다 전단결합강도가 낮게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 4. 각 재료들의 결합실패가 일어난 파절단면을 조직학적으로 관찰한 결과, 전반적으로 접착파괴를 보였으나, 접착제를 도포한 군에서는 응집파괴가 우세하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과 fresh 컴포머 위에 접착제를 도포한 다음 수리용 복합레진 재료를 사용함으로써 컴포머와 복합레진간의 결합력을 증가시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 fresh 컴포머 위에 복합레진을 즉시 충전한 경우가 높은 결합력을 얻을 수 있었다. Aged 컴포머와 복합레진간의 성공적인 결합력을 얻으려면 aged 컴포머의 표면을 mechanically roughening하고 접착제를 도포한후 복합레진을 충전해야 할 것으로 사료된다. For the purpose of comparing the bond strengths of compomers to composite resin, composite 2250, and two polyacid modified composite resin, Dyract AP and F2000, were selected and investigated using universal testing machine for measuring the shear bond strengths. Additionally, the failure modes were examined by observing the fractured surfaces of each specimen. The following results were obtained. 1. The shear bond strength of Dyract AP to Z250 were higher than those of F2000, but there was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 3(p>0.05), and groups using fresh compomers showed higher bond strength than those using aged compomers(p<0.05). 2. After measuring the shear bond strength of each group, it was highest in group 5 and was lowest in group 9(p<0.05). 3. Although there was no statistically significant difference, groups treated with thermocycling showed lower bond strengths than those of non-thermocycling groups. 4. Overall compomer/composite resin failures were adhesive. Cohesive failures occurred mainly in groups using bonding agent. Based on these results, the application of a bonding agent on fresh polyacid-modified resin composite increases the bond strength between polyacid-modified resin composite and composite resin. Additionally, the surface of aged polyacid-modified resin composite has to be roughened mechanically and a bonding agent has to be used in combination with composite resin.

RAPD 분석에 의한 굴참나무 집단의 유전변이 연구

송정호,김남수,이용섭,김영중,송재모,이재선 한국유전학회 2002 Genes & Genomics Vol.24 No.2

Quercus variabilis is one of the most important tree species in both utilization of forest resources and management of forest ecosystem in Korea. To obtain the basic information for the establishment of breeding strategy and efficient management of genetic resources, five populations of Q. variabilis from 89 selected plus trees were studied using POPGENE and AMOVA analysis based on DNA markers focussing on the genetic diversity and variation among populations. The overall polymorphic amplicons were 78.6% and levels of genetic diversity within 5 populations were similar each other (Shannon's Index : 0.289∼0.423 [mean 0.366]). The values of total genetic diversity (H_t) and average gene diversity within population (H_S) were 0.265 and 0.239, respectively. The degree of genetic differentiation (G_st : 0.098) was relatively high compared with those of other tree species. Based on the cluster analysis of UPGMA, genetic relationships among 5 populations were not coincided with the pattern of geographic distribution.

제7차 교육과정 중ㆍ고등학교 국사교과서의 선사 및 국가 형성 관련 서술 검토 : The Examination of the Prehistoric Age and the Formation of a Country

송호정 한국고대사학회 2003 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.29 No.-

The history textbooks based on the 7th curriculum have been made bigger in size and tidier in style compared to the textbooks following the 6th curriculum, and basically the materials have been colored so that it can enhance the effectiveness of the visual materials. The textbooks include the data which have been found newly and the pictures which introduce the data, and it makes it possible for students to study deeply because there are the new categories such as: Study aid, Reading materials, and Further study. When it comes to the content of the prehistoric age and the formation of a country, however, there is hardly any difference between the 6th textbooks and the 7th textbooks. There are a lot of changes in the history textbooks used in high schools, especially the part, after the period of the Three States, has been written in a way of classification. On the other hand, considering the prehistoric age and the formation of a country, because there is no big change in terms of the writers and a form of description, neither is the content. Therefore, a lot of problems raised when the 5th and the 6th textbooks authorized by the state published are still showed in the 7th textbooks, For instance, it states that the Paleolithic Age started about 700 thousand years ago, it admits that the legend of Tan-gun is the birth myth of Ko-Josun, and Ko-Josun occupied the whole of Man-ju and the northern area of Korea peninsula in the Bronze Age. On the whole, as there is a difference between the curriculum of secondary schools and that of high schools, the contents and the levels are different. However, considering these aspects, the books used in secondary schools show accomplishment as a text: the main contents and editing of the illustrated materials in the textbook used in a secondary school outweigh the one used in a high school. As the quantity of the content is so limited that it doesn't need to refer the controversial topics, it is well-organized about the issues compared to the textbook used in a high school. Of course, there is no remarkable difference between the two in terms of the contents and a point of view. The reason why the textbooks following the 7th curriculum have not been changed in terms of a way of statement is not because of a lack of time or of description reflecting the writer's opinion, but because of external factors: the writers may have considered too much about the thoughts of the historians out of office. However, it is the textbooks that students read and learn most, so the writers must carefully describe the textbooks as achievement of studying with expressing their opinions. Above all, it is necessary that the controversial part of the history - the formation of a county, that is, Tan-gun and the history of Ko-Josun-should be rewritten rationally without assertions of the historians out of office. As concerning a point of view of the historians out of office carelessly, there are quite a lot of inconsistent statements in the text. Describing a fact, which is still controversial between the scholars, it is necessary to introduce the thoughts and pull them together in a form of 'Study aid'. As it is likely for students to be uninterested in the textbook because of a dry style and to cover the text superficially, it is essential to approach the contents based on the subjects or the eras. As the textbooks are the most important materials, it is important to include the contents which can help the students to develop their historical imaginations and to raise a sense of judgement in the textbook. It might be a good idea to increase the amount of 'studying material' and 'learning exercise' like a separate volume of Social Studies-Inquiry of Social Studies. It should include the contents which can help the students experience indirectly and undergo empathy so that they can think of history as their lives. This respect should be considered whether the history textbook is published by the state or by official approval or free publication.

한국인에서 Vancomycin의 치료적 약물농도 평가

송영구,김혜경,노은경,이서영,안보숙,김정호,박민수,윤희정,김준명 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.5

목적 : 상용화된 PK simulation software를 이용하여 vancomycin의 치료적 약물농도 측정(Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 이하 TDM)이 의뢰된 환자에서, 측정된 vancomycin 혈청농도와 평균 약동학 지표를 이용하여 계산된 예측농도를 비교하고, 실측 농도와 예측 농도 사이에 차이를 나타내는 요인이 무엇인지를 알아보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2001년 3월부터 2002년 9월까지 188명으로부터 vancomycin TDM이 의뢰된 239건의 결과를 분석하였다. Vancomycin을 투여하기 30분 전에 측정된 최저 농도로 CAPCIL^(R) (Simkin Inc.) 프로그램에서 single-point linear 방법으로 약동학 지표(분포용적 : Vd_(m), 청소율: Cl_(m), 반감기 : T_(1/2m))와 이에 따른 실측 농도(ECm, 이하 실측치)를 구하였다. 또한 CAPCIL^(R) 프로그램에서 이들 환자의 평균 약동학 지표(Vd_(p), Cl_(p), T_(1/2p))를 이용한 예측 농도(EC_(p), 이하 예측치)를 계산하였다. 먼저 전체에서 실측치와 예측치의 평균에 차이가 있는지 비교하였으며 신기능 및 체중에 따라 실측치와 예측치의 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 다음으로 예측 최저 농도를 기준으로 실측 최저 농도와 차이(%dEC=(EC_(m)-EC_(p))/EC_(p))를 세 그룹으로 나누어서 각 그룹 간에 차이를 나타내는 요인이 무엇인지 알아보았다. 통계는 SAS 프로그램을 이용하여paired t-test, ANOVA, multiple regression 등으로 처리하였으며 P<0.05를 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 결과 : Vancomycin TDM이 의뢰된 188명중 남자 1ll명, 여자 77명이었다. 총 239건에서 실측 최저 농도는 예측 최저 농도보다 유의하게 낮았고(11.9±9.9 ㎍/ml vs. 19.2±19.5 ㎍/ml), 약동학 지표 중 청소율과 분포용적은 예측한 값보다 유의하게 높았다. 신기능 및 체중에 따른 각각의 군에서도 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 예측 최저 농도와 실측 최저 농도의 차이에 따라 구분한 세 군간에 농도 차이를 나타낸 요인으로는 몸무게, 나이, 키, IBW, BUN, Ccr이었으며, 이중 다변량 분석에서 나이, 몸무게, BUN이 실측치와 예측치의 차이에 영향을 주는 요인으로 나타났다. 결론 : 신기능이 저하되었을 경우와 저체중, 고령인 경우 실측 농도에 비해 더 높은 농도로 예측하는 경향으로 나타나 최적의 치료 농도를 유지하기 위해서는 이와 같은 환자에서 특히 vancomycin TDM이 필요하다고 생각된다. Background : We measured plasma vancomycin concentrations as a part of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) consultation and compared and analyzed the estimated plasma steady-state therapeutic drug levels of vancomycin obtained on the basis of measured concentrations and by population PK parameters using a PK simulation software in Korean patients to find the factors influencing the discrepancies that lie between these estimates. Materials and Methods : We analyzed the PK parameters of the 188 patients for whom vancomycin TDM was done for 239 episodes between March, 2001 and September, 2002. The trough vancomycin plasma concentrations were measured from plasma samples that were drawn 30 minutes before a vancomycin dose. Based on the measured concentrations, we estimated the steady-state therapeutic levels (EC_(m)) and PK parameters (apparent volumes of distribution, Vd_(m); clearance, Cl_(m); and half life, T_(1/2m)) using the single-point linear method utilized in CAPCIL (Simkin, Inc.) software program. We compared these with the steady-state levels and PK parameters estimated based on population PK database supplied by the software (EC_(p), Vd_(p), Cl_(p), and T_(1/2p)). We stratified and compared the values based on the patients' renal functions, body weights relative to ideal body weights, the magnitude of differences between EC_(m) and EC_(p). Multiple logistic regression using SAS software package was done to analyze factors that significantly influence the discrepancies. Results:One hundred and eleven were males, and 77 were females. The mean ECm were significantly lower than the mean ECp (11.9±9.9 μg/ml vs. 19.2±19.5 μg/ml). Clm and Vdm were higher than Cl_(p) and Vd_(p), respectively. The same patterns could be applied to the subclasses of patients based on renal functions and body weights. The factors that contribute to the differences in EC_(m) and EC_(p) were body weight, age, height, IBW, BUN, and Clcr, of which age, body weight, and BUN were found to be most significant by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions : Significant sizes of discrepancies between the estimated plasma steady-state therapeutic drug levels of vancomycin obtained on the basis of measured concentrations and by population PK parameters using a PK simulation software in Korean patients necessitate adjustment of dosage and confirmation of steady-state levels by follow-up TDM. We emphasize the need for obtaining vancomycin population PK database in Korean patients.

Glucose Oxidase가 척수지각신경절세포에 미치는 영향과 천마의 효과에 관한 연구

송호준,이용석,손영우,이강창,정종길,신민교,홍기연 대한본초학회 2002 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.17 No.2

Objectives : To clarify the cytotoxic effect of glucose oxidase(GO) and protective effect of gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) on spinal sensory ganglion(DRG) neurons, neurotoxicity mediated by GO was measured by MTT assay and neurofilament enzymeimmuno assay(EIA). Methods : DRG neurons were cultured in the media containing various concentrations of GO for 3 hours. In addition, neuroprotective effects of GR, on GO-induced neurotoxicity in DRG neurons were examined after DRG neurons were preincubated with various concentrations of GR for 2 hours before 15mU/ml GO for 3 hours. Results : GO decreased remarkably cell viability in dependently in these cultures, and also RG increased cell viability and amount of neurofilament in DRG neurons damaged by GO. Conclusion : It is suggested that GO has toxic effect in cultured mouse DRG neurons, and also RG was effective in the protection of GO-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures.

존 바스의 『키메라』와 신화 서술양식

송창호,서정열 金烏工科大學校 2000 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

Mythology has had a pervasive influence on literature. The great experimental writers have used mythology in a integral way in their works. But contemporary postmodernists are not content to use the myth without questioning it seriously and strenuously while most of the writers used it as references and an unifying symbolism. Most of the postmodernist use mythology distorted through many layers of meanings and narratives. John Barth also as a typical postmodernists is no longer using the myth in the traditional older ways of the modernists in his delineating the irrational and absurd. He views the myth with an unparalleled multiplicity of attitudes, simultaneously praising and abusing in order to explore the myth's potentials as a resourceful narrative structure. Barth uses mythic structures and narratives in his fictions from the Floating Opera to Chimera. The journey or the progression expressed archetypally in his fictions can be seen as a mythic hero's journey from that of Narcissus, through Dionysus, to Orpheus. Barth's deep-seeking journey renders him to explore the unfathomable duality of man and to create the creative visionary narrative from the primordial experience. Chimera's "Dunyzadiad" retells the frame-tale of Scheherazade and the Arabian Nights by parodying the paralleling of the story's ultimate narrator, a Bath-like Genie, and his problems of literary exhaustion, with Scheherazade much more literal life-or-death situation of publish-or-perish. Perseus, the narrator-protagonist of the "Perseid," is a mythic hero who works his own depetrification by reversing his earlier heroic exploits and affirming love's creative possibilities in the New Medusa, as well as the new myth and tale of Perseus. Bellerophone, along with Barthlike and Protean Ployeidus, turns at the end of the "Bellerophoniad" into pages of Bellerophone's tale that float into the present day marshes of Maryland. All of Chimera affirms that the key to the treasure is the treasure: the retelling of the struggles to write a mythic tale become itself the renewed mythic tale and the way out of the narrative funhouse of exhausted possibilities and used-upness. As a postmodernist, Barth rearranges the classical mythology to be viewed as a rich resources for new forms of narrative. He overcomes the ancient modes of myth and connects them with our existential situations. He shows the possibilities to simplify and systemize the narrative styles of myths by transforming the monymythic structures and linguistic contexts.

지진저항시스템의 최적설계에 대한 연구

송호산;정창훈 東義大學校産業技術開發硏究所 2012 産業技術硏究誌 Vol.26 No.-

초고층 건축물은 높이가 올라갈수록 건물의 세장비가 높아져 수직하중보다 풍하중과 같은 횡하중에 민감하게 된다. 따라서 초고층 건축물의 설계주안점은 횡변위를 허용변위 이내로 효율적으로 제어하는 것이 되며 강도설계보다 강성설계가 부재 크기 결정에 큰 영향을 미친다. 하지만 초고층 건축물은 부재수가 수천에서 수만 개에 이르러 기존의 기술자의 경험에 의한 시행오차 방법에 의한 강성설계를 할 경우 상당한 시간이 소요되며 횡변위를 만족하는 최적의 부재 크기를 결정하는 데에 많은 어려움이 따른다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해서 많은 연 구가 있어 왔으며,이 중 최적설계기법은 구하고자 하는 건축물의 부재설계를 정량적이며 효율 적으로 단면크기 결정을 할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 기존 연구들은 강구조 등의 일부 구조시스템에 한정되었으며,다양한 구조시스템에서 최적화기법의 적용에 대한 연구는 부족한 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 초고층 RC 구조 시스템에서 기존의 최적화 알고리즘을 이용하여 설계변수, 목적함수, 제약조건식, RC부재의 단면특성식을 설정하여 강성최적설계가 이루어지도록 하였다. 최적설계의 효용성을 검토하기 위하여 수평하중과 수직하중을 동시에 받는 30층 규모의 건물골조시스템, 이중골조시스템 건축물의 최적단면설계를 수행하였다. Tall buildings are easily affected to drift laterally by horizontal loads like wind and seismic. Thus, the main point of structural design of tall buildings is to control its lateral drift effectively. However, there are thousands of structural members which are compounded together into tall buildings. So it is hard task to analyze and design tall buildings in conventional ways. In a effort to improve conventional trial-and-error design methods that depends on structural engineer’s experience and intuition. This study presents a formulation for optimal design of tall buildings. A full-scales 30 story three-dimensional Dual system building is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the optimal design technique.