What works and does not work in two popular literacy practices used to transition students toward more independent reading: Insights from five fifth-grade, second-generation L2 students on silent reading and reader response practices

Jefferis, Jill Harvard University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Preparedness for independent reading is crucial for all urban students transitioning from the intermediate to the middle grades. Greater demands are made on students, who may or may not be fluent readers, to read and comprehend large amounts of diverse texts independently. Two practices are popularly used in intermediate grades to promote increased fluency, the richer vocabulary needed to succeed academically, the general knowledge that may be assumed in subject matter areas, and the motivation to read. These practices include Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) and reader response practice. This study examined what worked and did not work in the use of SSR and reader response practices in one classroom. It describes the implementation of those practices and how five second-generation L2 students experienced them. Second-generation students appear native born so their L2 status is not readily recognizable. They are at high risk for school failure and come from a rapidly growing segment of the national school population. The SSR practice was most successful for the students without retention histories and who had access to a literacy program that balanced direct instruction with SSR. SSR was least successful for older students. The SSR practice was under-utilized in some respect for all five second-generation youth, failing to provide at least one condition necessary to promote independent reading: access to manageable books of interest; guidance in locating or discerning good choices from bad choices; an adequate range of diverse reading materials; and structures to build the social motivation to read. Additionally, social dynamics limited success for latecomers to the cohort in a school with high mobility. This evidence may explain partially why the National Reading Panel (2002) found no experimental evidence that SSR works. The reader response journals had limited benefit because students responded to books they did not fully comprehend; high teacher control inhibited student ownership of the response process; and the cognitive load overwhelmed students. Both studies used observational data, interview transcripts, questionnaires, and artifacts collected over four months. These data were analyzed within and across case for a student-sided view of selecting, reading, and responding to books.

New chemistry of transition metal alkyls and hydrides: Bonding and reactivity

Jefferis, Jesse M University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The crystal structure of the supposed tetraphenylferrate(0) salt “[Li(Et₂O)]₄[FePh₄]” reported by Shilov et al. has been reinterpreted and the unbelievable structural features are proposed to be artifacts of a false solution in an incorrect space group. We propose that the structure should have been solved in the space group <italic>P</italic>4¯ 2₁<italic>c</italic> instead of <italic>P</italic>4₂2₁2. In the correct space group, the phenyl groups actually describe a regular square planar geometry with cis C-Fe-C angles that are exactly 90°. Finally, the formulation of the compound as a derivative of zerovalent iron is almost certainly incorrect. We propose that the compound actually is an iron(II) dihydride of stoichiometry [Li(Et₂O)]₄[<italic> trans</italic>-FeH₂Ph₄]. The addition of 6 equivalents of methyllithium to HfCl₄ followed by the addition of 9 equivalents of tmed (N,N,N<super>′</super>,N<super> ′</super>-tetramethylethylenediamine) yields the hexamethyl hafnate salt [Li(tmed)₂] [Li(tmed)][HfMe₆]. The hexamethylhafnate dianion adopts a distorted octahedral geometry. We were able to rationalize the structure of [Li(tmed)₂][Li(tmed)][HfMe₆] and those of other structurally characterized d<super>0</super> ML₆ complexes in terms of the relative metal d-orbital energies and the relative σ-donor abilities of the ligand orbital set. The octahedral geometries observed for [Li(tmed)₂][Li(tmed)][HfMe₆], [Zr(C₂Si<super> t</super>Bu₃)₆]<super>2−</super> and [Hf(C₂Si<super>t</super>Bu₃)₆]<super>2−</super> suggest that d<super>0</super> − d<super>2</super> metal centers with purely a-donating ligands will be trigonal prismatic only if the HOMO-LUMO gap is sufficiently small. Protonation of the osmium(II) hydrides (C₅Me₅)Os(PR₃)₂H with tetrafluoroboric acid affords the corresponding osmium(IV) dihydride complexes of stoichiometry [(C₅Me₅)Os(PR₃)₂H₂<super>+</super>], where PR₃ = PMe₃, PEt₃, PPh₃, 1/2 dmpe, 1/2 dmpm, 1/2 dppm, or 1/2 dpdtm (where dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, dmpm = bis(dimethylphosphino)methane, dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, and dpdtm = (diphenylphosphino)(di-<italic>p</italic>-tolylphosphino)methane. In the cisoid compounds [(C₅Me₅)Os(dmpm)H₂<super> +</super>] and [(C₅Me₅)Os(dppm)H₂<super> +</super>], the two hydride ligands undergo chemical exchange on the NMR time scale with activation free energies of 17.5 and 16.9 kcal mol<super>−1 </super>, respectively. Protonation of all the (C₅Me₅)Os(PR₃)₂H complexes at low temperature affords the cisoid isomers, which must be the kinetic products. For the compounds [(C₅Me₅)Os(PMe₃)₂H₂<super>+</super>] and [(C₅Me₅)Os(PPh₃)₂H₂<super> +</super>], the cisoid isomers convert to the transoid isomers by two pathways, one unimolecular and one bimolecular; the latter involves intermolecular hydride exchange between the dihydride cations and the neutral monohydride.

Grammaticalization: Being an Overview of Its History from 1745-Present, Theroy, and how it affects Adverbs and the Suffix -ly : y Jeffery David Lundahl

Lundahl, Jeffery David Kangwon National University 2014 국내석사

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Adipogenesis in Obesity

Jeffery, Elise Cristine Yale University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Adipose tissue is among the most dynamic tissues in the body, capable of expanding and contracting in size dramatically throughout the lifetime of an individual. The excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue is the defining characteristic of obesity, a disease that continues to rise in prevalence worldwide. Obesity is a major public health concern in part because it increases one's risk of developing other dangerous pathologies including type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some forms of cancer. Importantly, the accumulation of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity (termed central or visceral obesity) is most highly associated with the incidence of these pathologies. The growth of adipose tissue occurs through an increase in both the size and number of mature lipid-filled adipocytes, and these new adipocytes form through the differentiation of adipocyte precursors (APs), a stem cell population found in the adipose tissue stroma. Studies in humans have suggested that the elevation of adipocyte number cannot be reversed, indicating that adipocyte formation may have lifelong effects on adipose tissue cellularity and homeostasis; however the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the process of adipocyte formation in vivo have not been elucidated. Here, I show that in male mice, high-fat diet feeding induces the rapid and transient activation of APs specifically in the visceral adipose tissue, leading to depot-specific adipocyte formation. This process is distinct from developmental adipogenesis, requires AP cell-intrinsic AKT2 signaling, and is sensitive to dietary fatty acid content. Specifically, elevated levels of dietary monounsaturated oleic acid induce the proliferation and differentiation of APs. Furthermore, high-fat diet-induced adipocyte formation is depot- and sex-dependent, contributing to the preferential growth of subcutaneous adipose tissue in females compared to males. Finally, I show that the depot-specific activation of APs is determined by the adipose tissue microenvironment and not by cell-intrinsic differences in AP activation capacity.

Disease mapping and statistical issues in public health surveillance

Jeffery, Caroline Marie Harvard University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

As an approach to studying the relationship between an individual's location and occurrence of disease, disease mapping encompasses many techniques, from the simple plotting of cases' locations, like the cholera map of John Snow, to smoothed rates of disease, accounting for the influence of neighboring points and population density. Disease mapping methods aim to estimate a risk surface across a region. In public health surveillance, these methods provide an alternative to detection of clustering or clusters, allowing for fine precision in assessing complex spatial risk patterns. When precise point locations are available, current methods use kernel density estimates, which are not easily applicable to higher dimensions due to the curse of dimensionality. In the first chapter, we develop a distanced-based mapping (DBM) method for point data within the framework of comparing two multidimensional distributions. We propose a non-parametric approach inspired by the dimension reduction concept of tomographic imaging. We show that its accuracy in mapping a dichotomized risk in the unit disk is similar to that of a ratio of kernel density estimates, provided both are implemented with an appropriate choice of parameters. If DBM can generalize to higher dimensions with no increase in the number of parameters, and to arbitrary metric spaces. Spatial data are often available aggregated by areas. In the second chapter, we adapt the implementation of DBM to such data and present an application to leukemia in upstate New York. Consistent with previous studies, we show that aggregation negatively affects the accuracy of the mapping. Since individuals are mobile, location at diagnosis might not supply the most relevant information. While time and location of exposure are unknown, incorporating residential history of cases has been shown to increase the power of some methods to detect clustering. In the third chapter, we extend DBM to residential history data and show that the accuracy in mapping a dichotomized risk in the unit square is improved, compared to only using location at diagnosis.

A new method for identifying the primary care treatability of emergency department visits in a Medicare population

Jeffery, Molly Moore University of Minnesota 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

N/A.

PIE - The Protein Inference Engine

Jefferys, Stuart R The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Posttranslational modifications are vital to protein function but are hard to study, especially since several modification isoforms may be present simultaneously. Mass spectrometers are a great tool for investigating modified proteins, but the data they generate are often incomplete, ambiguous, and difficult to interpret. Combining data from multiple experimental techniques provides complementary information. Having both top-down (intact protein mass data) and bottom-up (peptide data) is especially valuable. In the context of background knowledge, combined data is used by human experts to interpret what modifications are present and where they are located. However, this process is arduous and for high-throughput applications needs to be automated. To explore a data integration methodology based on Markov chain Monte Carlo and simulated annealing, I developed the PIE (Protein Inference Engine). This java application integrates information using a modular approach which allows different types of data to be considered simultaneously and for new data types to be added as needed. Validation of the PIE was carried out using two realistically imperfect theoretical data sets. The first, based on the L7/L12 ribosomal protein, tested the limits of PIEs performance as intact mass accuracy and peptide coverage decreases. The second set, based on a mix of two modification variants of the H23c Histone protein, tested PIEs ability to handle isoform mixtures and up to eight simultaneous modifications. The PIE was then applied to analysis of experimental data from an investigation of the modification state of the L7/L12 ribosomal protein. This data consisted of a set of peptides identified as associated with some L7/L12 modification variant and nine intact masses measurements identified as an L7/ L12 modification variant. From this data, PIE was able to make consistent predictions, comparable to expert manual interpretation. Software, source code, user manuals, and demo projects replicating the analyses described in the following can be downloaded from http://pie.giddingslab.org/.

Grammaticalization: Being an Overview of Its History from 1745-Present, Theroy, and how it affects Adverbs and the Suffix -ly

Jeffery David Lundahl 강원대학교 대학원 2014 국내석사

본 연구는 문법화의 문제를 자세히 조사하였다. 일차적으로 문법화가 어떻게 공시적 견해와 통시적인 견해로부터 현대언어의 발달에 영향을 미치는지에 초점을 맞추었다. 이 연구는 접미사ly를 조사해봄으로써 문법화가 어떻게 부사에 영향을 주는지를 살펴 볼 것이다. 문법화라는 말이 너무 광범위한 주제이기 때문에, 이 논문은 이론의 특정한 면만을 중점으로 다루고 있다. 주제의 주된 역사적 개요는 문법화란 무엇인가? 그리고 어떻게 사전적인 항목이 문법적인 항목이되어 가는지의 과정을살펴보고, 이 연구가 이론과 어긋나는 몇가지 쟁점을 살펴보고 마지막으로 접미사 ly의 통시적인 문법화를 체계적으로 살펴봄으로써 작업중인 문법성을 보여주고 있다. 이 통시적인 연구는 접미사 -가 프로토 인도유럽어-lich에서 변해왔다는 것을 보여 주고 그것은 ‘body’라는 사전적인 의미를 갖고 있는 고대영어접사 lich에서 몇번의 소리와 철자의 변화를 통해 현재의 접미사 ly가 된것이다. 이 접미사는 현대영어에서 부사뿐만 아니라 말미에 쓰이기도 한다. 접미사 ly가 어떻게 바뀌었는지 연구해 봄으로써 이 논문의 조사결과들은 문법화가 어떻게 언어발달에 영향을 끼치는지의 중요한 생각을 보다 효과적으로 설명해 주고 있다. This thesis attempted to give an overview of Grammaticalization theory. It has focused on the historical development of the theory. Then it looked at the theory in some detail. Next it examined how Grammaticalization affects adverbs. Finally it demonstrated how Grammaticalization affected the development of the suffix ?ly. There were three guiding questions held in mind during the production of the thesis. First, what is the historical development of the theory of Grammaticalization? Second, What is Grammaticalization? Third, how does Grammaticalization affect certain parts of a language? With these three questions in mind the thesis attempted to give answers.

Wisdom at Qumran: A form-critical analysis of the admonitions in 4QInstruction

Jefferies, Daryl Foy The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This study identifies the literary forms used in the admonitions of 4QInstruction to better assess the relationship between that text and both biblical wisdom and the broader wisdom tradition. This study determines that the admonitions rely on traditional wisdom forms for their expression. Principle among these forms is the instruction (composed of a command or prohibition). Biblical paraphrase, didactic sayings, “better” sayings, an appeal to past tradition, and calls to praise are also used. This re-use of forms shows a familiarity with and acceptance of traditional Hebrew wisdom. 4QInstruction does not hold to the couplet format found in Proverbs and retained by Ben Sira. Rather, the author of 4QInstruction often employed a monostich and built his instructions around them. The admonitions deal with traditional wisdom themes including proper behavior, financial matters, living a life resulting in an honorable end to life and a suitable legacy. The admonitions, relying on the Pentateuch, clarify the student's role in family matters. This study also highlights connections between these admonitions and the sectarian rules in an effort to best identify the intention of the work within the corpus of Dead Sea Scrolls. Read from this perspective, 4QInstruction teaches that the student is to participate in the sect's system of reproof, recognize his status as “poor,” conduct himself in financial matters such that the threat of wealth (one of the “nets” of Belial that could tempt the sectarian) could be avoided. 4QInstruction emphasizes the student's control over his family. Finally, the text's instructions emphasize behavior that would insure the student's place in God's inheritance by focusing on creation and God's “blueprint” of it, the <italic>Raz Nihyeh </italic>. 4QInstruction includes no focus on upward mobility, supports a view of poverty as a fact of life that was to be accepted rather than avoided, incorporates sacred history, and focuses on eschatological reward as a motivation for proper behavior. These topics are not found in biblical wisdom. Based on vocabulary and sectarian concepts, this study concludes that the admonitions are related to the sectarian corpus and are most likely extra-Qumrânic applying to those in the “camps” (<italic>mah&dotbelow;</italic><math> <f> <a><ac><rm><mit>a</mit></rm></ac><ac>&d11;</ac></a></f> </math><italic>nôt</italic>).

Child care assistance and the low-wage labor market

Jefferys, Marcia Diana University of Minnesota 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

The industry employment patterns of over 8000 child care assistance recipients in four Minnesota counties are analyzed for their implications for recipients' current and future financial self-sufficiency, potential employer benefits, and government investment. The data were obtained by matching county records of Child Care Assistance Program (CCAP) recipients with state wage and hour records. The results were analyzed by industry, CCAP program (i.e., welfare and non-welfare) and county, and compared to the total workforce, industry job vacancy and future growth patterns, and results from other studies. Three-fourths of the jobs held by CCAP recipients are in just four industries: health care and social assistance, retail trade, accommodation and food service, and administrative and support services. Common employers at the industry subsector level are temporary help agencies, doctors' offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, restaurants, and a variety of retail stores. These results are similar to those in other states. Recipients are less likely than the rest of the workforce to be employed in several industries, including manufacturing, public administration, construction, and finance. Generally, the industries in which child care assistance recipients are working pay lower wages to both recipients and the rest of the workforce. Those industries also account for most of the low-wage job vacancies in the state. The findings have implications for recipients, employers and public policy. CCAP recipients are most concentrated in those industries that are least likely to lead to future financial self-sufficiency. Employers, on the other hand, may be benefiting from an expanded labor pool for low-wage jobs, especially industries with chronic labor shortages due to low wages. Implications for government include the finding that the return on a dollar invested in child care in terms of recipient earnings is greater in some industries than in others. Recommendations for addressing some of the issues raised by the study are discussed. These include evaluating the program in terms of recipients' employment, engaging employers in the program, developing a partnership with the health care industry, and providing training and education to move as many recipients as possible into higher wage industries with more potential for upward movement.