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Yibo Zhang,Xuanlei Zhong,Zhichao Xi,Yang Li,Hongxi Xu The Korean Society of Ginseng 2023 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.47 No.2
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
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Zhang, Li,Chen, Xiaoyun,Cheng, Yanqi,Chen, Qilong,Tan, Hongsheng,Son, Dongwook,Chang, Dongpill,Bian, Zhaoxiang,Fang, Hong,Xu, Hongxi The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.4
Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is widely used for strengthening the immune system and fighting fatigue, especially in people with deficiency syndrome. However, there is concern that the long-term application or a high dose of KRG can cause "fireness" (上火 in Chinese) because of its "dryness" (燥性 in Chinese). The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a 4-week treatment with KRG in participants with deficiency syndrome. Methods: This was a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 180 Chinese participants were randomly allocated to three groups: placebo control group, participants were given a placebo, 3.6 g/d; KRG 1.8 g and 3.6 g groups. The primary outcomes were the changes in fireness and safety evaluation (adverse events, laboratory tests, and electrocardiogram). The secondary outcomes were the efficacy of KRG on fatigue, which include the following: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scale and fatigue self-assessment scale. Results: Of the 180 patients, 174 completed the full study. After 4 weeks of KRG treatment, the Fire-heat symptoms score including Excess fire-heat score and Deficient fire-heat score showed no significant change as compared with placebo treatment, and no clinically significant changes in any safety parameter were observed. Based on the TCM syndrome score and fatigue self-assessment score, TCM symptoms and fatigue were greatly improved after treatment with KRG, which showed a dose- and time-dependent effect. The total effective rate was also significantly increased in the KRG groups. Conclusion: Our study revealed that KRG has a potent antifatigue effect without significant adverse effects in people with deficiency syndrome. Although a larger sample size and longer treatment may be required for a more definite conclusion, this clinical trial is the first to disprove the common conception of "fireness" related to KRG.
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Li Zhang,Xiaoyun Chen,Yanqi Cheng,Qilong Chen,Hongsheng Tan,Dongwook Son,Dongpill Chang,Zhaoxiang Bian,Hong Fang,Hongxi Xu 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.4
Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is widely used for strengthening the immune system andfighting fatigue, especially in people with deficiency syndrome. However, there is concern that the longtermapplication or a high dose of KRG can cause “fireness” (上火in Chinese) because of its “dryness” (燥性in Chinese). The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a 4-week treatment with KRGin participants with deficiency syndrome. Methods: This was a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 180Chinese participants were randomly allocated to three groups: placebo control group, participants weregiven a placebo, 3.6 g/d; KRG 1.8 g and 3.6 g groups. The primary outcomes were the changes in firenessand safety evaluation (adverse events, laboratory tests, and electrocardiogram). The secondary outcomeswere the efficacy of KRG on fatigue, which include the following: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)symptom scale and fatigue self-assessment scale. Results: Of the 180 patients, 174 completed the full study. After 4 weeks of KRG treatment, the Fire-heatsymptoms score including Excess fire-heat score and Deficient fire-heat score showed no significantchange as compared with placebo treatment, and no clinically significant changes in any safetyparameter were observed. Based on the TCM syndrome score and fatigue self-assessment score, TCMsymptoms and fatigue were greatly improved after treatment with KRG, which showed a dose- and timedependenteffect. The total effective rate was also significantly increased in the KRG groups. Conclusion: Our study revealed that KRG has a potent antifatigue effect without significant adverse effectsin people with deficiency syndrome. Although a larger sample size and longer treatment may berequired for a more definite conclusion, this clinical trial is the first to disprove the common conceptionof “fireness” related to KRG.
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