Trading Blocs and the Trading System : The Services Dimension

Hoekman, Bernard 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1995 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.10 No.1

This paper explores the relationship between regional and multilateral agreements to liberalize trade in services. Following a conceptual discussion of the political economy of regional as opposed to multilateral negotiations, existing data on trade and investment flows are analyzed with a view to gaining some insight into the likely interest group preferences regarding alternative institution arrangements to liberalize trade in services. Conceptual considerations and available data suggest a preference for regional liberalization. But available data and a comparison of the content of the major existing agreements also suggests that regional and multilateral approaches are more likely to be considered by service industries and regulators to be complements than substitutes. (JEL: F13)

Conceptual Issues Relating to Services in the International Economy

Hoekman, Bernard M.,Stern, Robert M. the Center for International Studies, Inha Univers 1988 Pacific Focus Vol.3 No.1

Assessing the Case for Extending WTO Disciplines on Investment-Related Policies

Hoekman, Bernard,Saggi, Kamal 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.4

In this paper we evaluate the potential benefits of international disciplines on policies toward foreign direct investment, paying particular attention to developing countries. We conclude that, at present, the case for initiating negotiations on investment policies is weak. Negotiations that center on improving market access on a nondiscriminatory basis, especially in services, are likely to be more fruitful: although imperfect, existing multilateral instruments such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services, are far from fully exploited and provide significant opportunities for governments to improve market access.

Harmonization of Rules of Origin: An Agenda for Plurilateral Cooperation?

Bernard Hoekman,Stefano Inama 대외경제정책연구원 2018 East Asian Economic Review Vol.22 No.1

This article discusses the deadlock in the WTO on multilateral harmonization of non-preferential rules of origin (RoO) and reviews some of the RoO included in recent preferential trade agreements. We argue that there is a trend towards adoption of similar approaches and that this suggests that cooperation to reduce the trade-impeding effects of differences in RoO across jurisdictions is more feasible than often is assumed by observers and policymakers. From a trade facilitation perspective such cooperation could be based on plurilateral initiatives under the umbrella of the WTO. These could include a focus on pursuit of greater convergence between preferential and nonpreferential RoO helping to achieve the long-standing goal of moving towards harmonization of rules of origin.

Local Policymaking in Sport: Sport Managers’ Perspectives on Work Processes and Impact

Remco Hoekman,Agnes Elling,Hugo van der Poel 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2022 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.7 No.1

In this study we sought a better understanding of the develop- ment and functioning of local sport policy, from the perspective of local sport managers (LSMs). Local sport budgets in the Netherlands continue to be allocated mainly to sport facilities (85% of sport budgets), despite increasing interest in the instru- mental value of sport, particularly to achieve health and welfare objectives. This seems to produce somewhat of a mismatch between wider policy discourse and local sport policy. We studied LSMs’ perspectives on recent changes in sport policy, and how these relate to changes in the environment (from a socio-eco- logical perspective), alongside LSMs’ actual practices, policy values and personal beliefs regarding effective sport policy and social impact. For this purpose we conducted nine semi-structured inter- views with LSMs from different municipalities in the Netherlands. This was to illuminate ‘the walk’ in local sport policy, rather than only ‘the talk’ (i.e., the line set out in policy documents). We con- clude that the day-to-day work of LSMs was indeed influenced by developments in the broader environment (particularly, austerity measures, organizational restructuring and changed national poli- cies and related discourses). However, the focus of LSMs’ activities remained on ensuring a good sport facility infrastructure, as a necessary precondition to utilize the instrumental value of sport. The LSMs expressed a belief in the goodness of sport and tried to ‘sell’ this to other departments. Yet, they exhibited little critical reflection on (preconditions for) effective sport policy and the need for policy monitoring and evaluation.

WTO Reform Priorities post-COVID-19

Bernard Hoekman 대외경제정책연구원 2020 East Asian Economic Review Vol.24 No.4

Although the WTO has fulfilled several key tasks it was set up to do – providing periodic reviews of members’ trade policies, resolving disputes, supporting negotiations – with the notable exceptions of the Trade Facilitation and Information Technology agreements, WTO members have not been able to negotiate new rules on “bread and butter” trade policies. The importance of doing so was illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic which saw widespread uncoordinated recourse to trade policy instruments. This paper highlights four reforms that would bolster the effectiveness of the WTO as a forum for trade cooperation: (1) improving collection and reporting of information on trade-related policies; (2) supporting analysis-informed deliberation to establish a common understanding of the need and scope for cooperation in specific policy areas; (3) putting in place a stronger multilateral governance framework for plurilateral cooperation between groups of WTO members; and (4) re-establishing an effective dispute settlement system.

Developing Countries and the WTO Doha Round: Market Access, Rules and Differential Treatment

( Bernard Hoekman ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2004 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.19 No.2

This paper discusses the challenges confronting developing countries seeking to use WTO negotiations to promote their economic growth and performance. Progress will require that major stakeholders within countries perceive the overall package to be beneficial. A number of possible focal points that could be used as benchmarks for negotiations are discussed, as is the issue of differential and more favorable treatment for developing countries. A precondition for a good development outcome is a significant reduction in barriers to trade in goods and services. This will have a much greater beneficial impact than efforts at multilateral rule-making in regulatory areas. A new approach towards special and differential treatment that involves greater differentiation between members and is based on country-specific economic analysis and criteria would help to enhance the development-relevance of the WTO.

Assessing the Case for Extending WTO Disciplines on Investment-Related Policies

( Bernard Hoekman ),( Kamal Saggi ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.4

In this paper we evaluate the potential benefits of international disciplines on policies towards foreign direct investment, paying particular attention to developing countries. We conclude that, at present, the case for initiating negotiations on investment policies is weak. Negotiations that center on improving market access on a nondiscriminatory basis, especially in services, are likely to be more fruitful: although imperfect, existing multilateral instruments such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services, are far from fully exploited and provide significant opportunities for governments to improve market access.

Trading Blocs and the Trading System: The Services Dimension

( Bernard Hoekman ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1995 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.10 No.1

This paper explores the relationship between regional and multilateral agreements to liberalize trade in services. Following a conceptual discussion of the political economy of regional as opposed to multilateral negotiations, existing data on trade and investment flows are analyzed with a view to gaining some insight into the likely interest group preferences regarding alternative institutional arrangements to liberalize trade in services. Conceptual considerations and available data suggest a preference for regional liberalization. But available data and a comparison of the content of the major existing agreements also suggests that regional and multilateral approaches are more likely to be considered by service industries and regulators to be complements than substitutes. (JEL: F13)

'Behind-the-Border' Regulatory Policies and Trade Agreements

Bernard Hoekman 대외경제정책연구원 2018 East Asian Economic Review Vol.22 No.3

A consequence of global trade liberalization is that domestic regulatory policies have become a focal point for efforts to reduce the costs of engaging in cross-border production and exchange. This article discusses the general challenges of reducing trade frictions created by regulatory differences, focusing specifically on the role trade agreements might play in addressing regulatory spillovers. A case is made for a greater focus on plurilateral cooperation under the umbrella of the WTO.