Talc Mineralization in the Middle Ogcheon Metamorphic Belt (I): with Emphasis of the Stable Isotope Studies of the Dongyang Talc Deposit

박희인,이인성,허순도,Park, Hee-In,Lee, Insung,Hur, Soondo The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1995 자원환경지질 Vol.28 No.6

동양활석광상의 광화대는 옥천누층군에 속하는 향산리 돌로마이트의 최하부 돌로마이트층준에 발달하며 광체는 이 지역 지층 중에 밥달하는 $N85^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}W$에 $40^{\circ}$ 로 플란지하는 작은 습곡축에 따라 파이프상으로 배태되어 있다. 이 광상의 모든 광체들의 상반이나 하반에 각섬질암이나 녹니석편암을 수반한다(김옥준 등, 1963; 박희인과 김기태, 1966). 동양활석광상의 활석광화작용은 돌로마이트의 재결정작용과 규화작용에 이어 투각섬석과, 판상, 엽편상활석(I), 미립질 활석 (II)의 생성 순으로 이루어졌다. 활석(I)은 돌로마이트와 $SiO_2$ 성분이 풍부한 유체와의 반응으로 생성되었고 활석 (II)는 돌로마이트와 유세와의 반응과 이마 생성된 투각섬석과 유체와의 반응으로 생성되었다. 광화기간중 유체는 초기에는 $H_2O-CO_2$계의 것으로 $CO_2$가 풍부한 것이었으나, 말기로 가며 $H_2O-NaCl-CO_2 $계를 거쳐 $H_2O-NaCl $계의 것으로 변하였다. 투각섬석과 활석(l) 생성기의 온도 및 압력조건은 각각 1,640~2,530 bar, $440{\sim}480^{\circ}C$ 였고, 활석 (II) 생성기의 온도 및 압력조건은 1,400~2,200 bar와 $360{\sim}390^{\circ}C$였다. 이 값은 동양활석광상 북쪽 약 5km에 분포하는 문주리층 구성암석의 변성온도 및 압력값에 비하여 현저하게 낮다. 활석광상의 모암인 돌로마이트의 ${\delta}^{13}C$과 ${\delta}^{18}O$값은 각각 2.9~5.7‰ (PDB)과 -7.4~16.8‰ (PDB)로서 기 보고된 태백산지역의 석회암의 값에 비하여 높으나 변질받지 않은 퇴적원 돌로마이트가 갖는 값의 범위내에 든다. 동양활석광상의 활석의${\delta}^{18}O$와 ${\delta}D$값은 각각 +8.6-15.8‰ (vs SMOW)와 -65~-90‰ (vs SMOW)로서 마그마 기원의 물의 값을 갖는다. 이 값은 이 지역의 문주리층과 계명산층을 구성하는 변성암류의 ${\delta}^{18}O$과 ${\delta}D$ 값과는 판이하다. 경석고의 ${\delta}^{34}S$ 값은 22.4‰ (CDT)로서 고생대초의 황산염의 ${\delta}^{34}S$의 값(30‰ vs CDT)보다 낮아 화성기원의 S가 첨가되었을 가능성이 있다. 활석광석에는 약하게 염리와 파랑벽개 등이 발달하고 있어 활석광상은 옥천대가 겪은 여러 차례의 변형작용중 최후기상이 적어도 끝나가 이전에 마그마 기원의 유체에 의하여 생성된 열수교대 광상이라 사료된다. Mineralized zone in the Dongyang talc deposits occurs on the lowest dolomite member of the Hyangsanri Dolomite belonging to the Ogcheon Supergroup. Ore bodies are emplaced as pipe-like body along the axis of minor folds plunging $40^{\circ}$ to the west developed in these dolomite layers. Amphibolite and chlorite schist are found along the upper or lower contact of all ore bodies (Kim et al., 1963; Park and Kim, 1966). Following the recrystallization and silicification of dolomite, tremolite and tabular and leafy talc(I) of the earlier stage formed, and microcrystalline talc(II) formed in the later stage. Talc(l) and tremolite formed by the reaction between dolomite and the fluid. Whereas talc (II) formed by the reaction between dolomite and fluid, or by the reaction between early formed tremolite and fluid. During the early stage of mineralization, the fluid was the $H_2O-CO_2$ system dominant in $CO_2$, In the later stage, the composition of the fluid changed to $H_2O-NaCl-CO_2$system, and finally to the $H_2O-NaCl$ system. The pressure and temperature conditions of the formation of tremolite associated with talc(I) were 1,640~2,530 bar, and $440{\sim}480^{\circ}C$, respectively. The pressure and temperature condition of talc(II) ore formation was 1,400~2,200 bar, and $360{\sim}390^{\circ}C$, respectively. These conditions are much lower than the metamorphic pressure and temperature of the rocks from the Munjuri Formation located about 5 km to the noJ:th of Dongyang talc deposit ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of dolomite which is the host rock of the talc ore deposit are 2.9~5.7‰ (PDB), and -7.4~l6.8‰ (PDB), respectively. These values are little higher than those from the Cambro-Ordovician limestones of the Taebaeksan region, but belong to the range of the unaltered sedimentary dolomite. ${\delta}^{18}O$and ${\delta}D$ values of the talc from Dongyang deposit are 8.6~15.8‰ (vs SMOW), and -65~-90‰ (vs SMOW), respectively, belonging to the range of magmatic origin. These values are quite different from those measured in the metamorphic rocks of Munjuri and Kyemyungsan Formation. ${\delta}^{34}S$ value of anhydrite is 22.4‰ (CDT), which is much lower than ${\delta}^{34}S$ (30‰ vs COT) of sulfate of early Paleozoic period, and indicates the possibility of the addition of magmatic sulfur to the system. Talc ores show the textures of weak foliation and well developed crenulation cleavages. Talc ore deposit in the area is concluded as hydrothermal replacement deposit formed before the latest phase of the deformations that Ogcheon Belt has undergone.

臨溪地域의 金-銀 鑛化作用

Hee In Park(朴喜寅),Jeong Hwang(黃政),Soon Do Huh(許順道) 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.4

The gold ore deposits of Nakcheon, Gongyeong and Dongmyeong mine in the Imgye district are E-W trending fissure filling veins emplaced in Precambrian Jungbongsan granite and sedimentary rocks of Cambrian Yangdeog group. The K-Ar age for vein alteration sericite and vein laced muscovite are 73 and 93 Ma, respectively. Vein structure and mineralogy indicate the three distinct depositional stages: Ⅰ) basemetal sulfides and tin minerals, Ⅱ) gold-basemeatl sulfides, Ⅲ) gold-silver-basemetal sulfides. Major gold and silver ore minerals are electrum, native silver, pyrargyrite and argentite. Fluid inclusion data indicate that filling temperatures were from 350℃ to 190℃ through stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Salinities were in the range of 0.0~9.5 NaCl eq.wt.% and do not reveal any systematic trend. Intermittent boiling of ore fluid during stage Ⅰ is indicated by fluid inclusions in quartz. Fluid pressure during stage Ⅰ which is estimated from fluid inclusions showing boiling evidence range from 50 to 100 bars. Gold ore deposits of the Imgye district were formed under higher temperatures and lower sulfur fugacities compared with the Eunchi silver ore deposits about 8 Km apart from the Imgye district.

屯田金鑛山 南鑛床에서 産出되는 Sb, Bi 硫鹽鑛物의 産出狀態와 生成環境

Hee In Park(朴喜寅),Chan Hee Lee(李讚熙) 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.1

South ore deposits of the Dunjeon gold mine is a fissure-filling vein emplaced in the Cretaceous granodiorite, skarnized and/or hornfelsified Ordovician Dumudong Formation. Mineralization can be divided into three distinct depositional stages on the basis of vein structure and mineral assemblages. Sb, Bi sulfosalts minerals, such as tetrahedrite, bournonite, boulangerite, cosalite, lillianite, heyrovskyite, unknown Pb-Bi-Sb-S mineral, native Sb, native Bi and Au-Ag minerals are mainly deposited in stage Ⅱ. The formation temperature and sulfur fugacties of Sb, Bi minerals in the stage Ⅱ deduced from thermodynamic considerations are from 172° to 378℃ and from 10-10.6 to 10-19.4 atm. Those temperatures are good agreement with temperature data obtained by fluid inclusion study which has reported already.

東寶 重石―모리브덴 鑛床의 鑛物共生과 流體包有物

Hee In Park(朴喜寅),Sang Ho Moon(文相鎬),Young Boo Bea(裵永富) 대한자원환경지질학회 1985 자원환경지질 Vol.18 No.4

The Dongbo tungsten-molybdenum deposits are fissure-filling veins emplaced in granites of late Cretaceous age. Integrated field, mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies were undertaken to illuminate the characters and origin of the ore deposits. Mineral paragenesis is complicated by repeated fracturing, but four distinct depositional stages can be recognized; (Ⅰ) tungsten-molybdenum minerals-quartz-chlorite stage, (Ⅱ) iron-oxide and sulfides-quartz stage, (Ⅲ) iron-oxide-base metal sulfides-sulfosalts-quartz-carbonates stage, (Ⅳ) barren rhodochrosite-zeolite stage. Fluid inclusion studies were carried out for stage Ⅰ quartz and stage Ⅲ quartz, sphalerite and calcite. Fluid inclusion studies reveals highly systematic trends of homogenization temperature and salinity throughout the mineralization. Ore fluids during stage Ⅰ were complex, NaCl rich brine and salinity reached values as high as 34.4 weight percent equivalent NaCl, but the later ore fluids were more dilute and reached to 9.7 weight percent equivalent NaCl during stage Ⅲ. Intermittent boiling of ore fluid during stage Ⅰ is indicated by the fluid inclusions in stage Ⅰ quartz. Depositional temperatures and pressures during stage Ⅰ range from 520℃ to 265℃ and from 600 to 400 bars. Homogenization temperatures of the stage Ⅲ quartz, sphalerite and calcite range from 305℃ to 190℃. Fluid inclusion data from the Dongbo mine are nearly similar to those from other hydrothermal tungsten deposits in the Kyeongsang basin. Depositional temperature and salinity of ore fluids during precipitation of tungsten-molybdenum minerals in Dongbo mine were much higher, but CO₂ contents were much lower than those from hydrothermal tungsten-molybdenum deposits of late Cretaceous plutonic association in central parts of Korean peninsula.

덕흔·법전광산(法田鑛山)의 금(金)-은(銀)광화작용(鑛化作用)

박희인,황정,김덕래,Park, Hee-In,Hwang, Jeong,Kim, Deog-Lae 대한자원환경지질학회 1990 자원환경지질 Vol.23 No.1

Gold-silver deposits of Deogheun and Beopjeon mines are composed of veins emplaced in Jurassic granite batholith. Based on ore structure and ore mineralogy, four distinct stages of mineral deposition are recognized in these ore deposits. Gold and silver minerals in Deogheun and Beopjeon-A ore deposits are precipitated in stage III and stage II, respectively. Mineral constituents of ores from these deposits are pyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, quartz and rhodochrosite. Cubanite, argentite and pyrargyrite occur only in Deogheun ore deposits. Ag content of electrum range from 42 to 66 atomic % in both ore deposits. Filling temperature of fluid inclusion from both ore deposits are as follows; stage I, $211-289^{\circ}$ ; stage II, $205-290^{\circ}$ ; stage III, $190-260^{\circ}$ ; stage IV, $136-222^{\circ}$ in Deogheun ore deposits. In Beopjeon-A ore deposits, stage I, $255-305^{\circ}$ ; stage II, $135-222^{\circ}$ ; stage III, $148-256^{\circ}$ ; stage IV, $103-134^{\circ}$. Salinities of fluid inclusions range from 1.6-8.5 wt. % equivalent NaCl in both ore deposits. Sulfur fugacities through stage II and III in Deogheun ore deposits inferred from data of mineral assemblage and fluid inclusion range from $10^{-11.0}-10^{-16.1}$1bars. Fluid pressure estimated from fluid inclusions which reveal boiling evidence range from 30-190 bars during mineralization in Deogheun ore deposits.

우리나라 螢石鑛床의 流體包有物 硏究

Hee In Park(朴喜寅) 대한자원환경지질학회 1976 자원환경지질 Vol.9 No.1

The flourite in Hwacheon, Hwanggangri and Keumsan district are major fluorite producing areas in Korea. The fluorite deposits of Hwacheon district are wholly fissure filling hydrothermal veins embedded in Precambrian gneiss and schists and Jurassic granites. Also some fluorite deposits are emplaced in felsite whose age is unknown. Emplacement of most fluorite veins of the district are controlled by EW fracture system. Fluorites are generally accompanied to chalcedonic quartz and also kaolinite, montmorillonite, dickite and calcite in parts. Vertical and lateral mineral zonings are not distinct. The fluorite deposits in the Hwanggangri district are wholly embedded in limestone and other calcareous sediments of Paleozoic Yeongweol Group. Most of the fluorite deposits belong to one of two categories which are steeply dipping veins and gently dipping replacement deposits adjacent to Late Cretaceous(83-90mys) granite bodies. The strikes of fluorite veins of Hwanggangri district mostly occupy the fractures of N30°-40°E and N30°-40°W system. Fluorites are accompanied to calcite, milky quartz, chalcedonic quartz, and also montmorillonite, kaolinite in parts. But in some deposits, scheelite, various sulfide minerals and barite are accompanied. Emplacement of fluorite deposits are largely controlled by lithology and structures of this district. In some deposits fluorite veins gradate to scheelite veins and also telescoping of the mineral zones are found in this district. In the Keumsan district, fissure-filled fluorite veins and replacement deposits are mostly emplaced in limestone of Paleozoic Yeongweol Group, late Cretaceous quartz-porphyry, granite and sandstone. Some deposits are emplaced in Precambrian metasediments. Mineralogy and other characteristics of the deposits in this district is similar to those of Hwanggangri district. Fluid inclusion studies reveal the difference of salinities, CO₂ contents of ore fluid and temperatures during fluorite mineral deposition in the these district. In Hwacheon district, ore-fluids were comparatively dilute brine and low CO₂ content. Filling temperatures ranges 104℃ to 170℃. In the Chuncheonshinpo mine, most deeply exploited one in this district, salinitles range 0.5-2.2wt. % NaCl and filling temperatures range from 116℃ to 143℃. In the Hwanggangri district, ore fluids were complex and filling temperature ranges very widly. In the contact metasomatic fluorite deposits, ore fluid were NaCl rich brines with moderate CO₂ content and filling temperatures range from 285℃ to above 360℃. Fluids inclusions in tungsten and sulfide minerals bearing fluorite veins show high CO₂ content up to 31wt. %. Filling temperature ranges from 101℃ to 310℃. Fluids inclusions in mainly fluorite bearing veins were more dilute brine and low CO₂ contents. Filling temperatures range from 95℃ to 312℃. Filling temperature of fluid inclusions of Keumsan district are between 95℃ and 237℃. Data gathered from geologic, mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies reveal that fluorite mineralization in Hwacheon district proceeded at low temperature with dilute brine and low CO₂ content. In Hwangganri district, fluorite mineralization proceeded by several pulse of chemically distinct ore fluids and formed the mineralogically different type of deposits around cooling granite pluton which emplaced comparatively shallow depth.

덕흔ㆍ法田鑛山의 金-銀鑛化作用

Hee In Park(朴喜寅),Jeong Hwang(黃政),Deog Lae Kim(金悳來) 대한자원환경지질학회 1990 자원환경지질 Vol.23 No.1

Gold-silver deposits of Deogheun and Beopjeon mines are composed of veins emplaced in Jurassic granite batholith. Based on ore structure and ore mineralogy, four distinct stages of mineral deposition are recognized in these ore deposits. Gold and silver minerals in Deogheun and Beopjeon-A ore deposits are precipitated in stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅱ, respectively. Mineral constituents of ores from these deposits are pyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, quartz and rhodochrosite. Cubanite, argentite and pyrargyrite occur only in Deogheun ore deposits. Ag content of electrum range from 42 to 66 atomic % in both ore deposits. Filling temperature of fluid inclusion from both ore deposits are as follows ; stage Ⅰ, 211-289℃ ; stage Ⅱ, 205-290℃ ; stage Ⅲ, 190-260℃ ; stage Ⅳ, 136-222℃ in Deogheun ore deposits. In Beopjeon-A ore deposits, stage Ⅰ, 255-305℃ ; stage Ⅱ, 135-222℃ ; stage Ⅲ, 148-256℃ ; stage Ⅳ, 103-134℃. Salinities of fluid inclusions range from 1.6-8.5 wt.% equivalent NaCl in both ore deposits. Sulfur fugacities through stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ in Deogheun ore deposits inferred from data of mineral assemblage and fluid inclusion range from 10-11.0-10-16.1 bars. Fluid pressure estimated from fluid inclusions which reveal boiling evidence range from 30-190 bars during mineralization in Deogheun ore deposits.

둔전금광산(屯田金鑛山) 남광상(南鑛床)의 광석(鑛石)과 유체포유물(流體包有物)

박희인,우영균,이찬희,Park, Hee-In,Woo, Young-Kyun,Lee, Chan Hee 대한자원환경지질학회 1987 자원환경지질 Vol.20 No.2

The south ore deposits of the Dunjeon gold mine is a fissure-filling vein emplaced in the granitoids, skarnized and hornfelsified rocks of Ordovician Dumudong formation. The vein mineral paragenesis is complicated by repeated fracturing but three distinct depositional stages can be recognized; (1) base metal sulfides stage, (2) base metal sulfides, antimony-bismuthsulfosalts and native metals stage, (3) barren carbonates stage. Gold was mainly deposited in stage II. Fluid inclusion data indicate that fluid temperatures were from $310^{\circ}C$ to $402^{\circ}C$ during stage I and then declined steadily to $148^{\circ}C$ in the closing late stage III. Salinities were in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 equivalent weight percent NaCl and do not reveals any systematic trend through stag I, II and III. Ore mineralogy suggests that temperatures and sulfur fugacities in the earlier stage II were in the range of $340^{\circ}C$ to $360^{\circ}C$, $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-9}$ atm. respectively and then declined steadily to the range of $185^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$ and $10^{-17}$ to $10^{-19}$atm. in the later stage II.

금령(金嶺) 및 기구광상(基邱鑛床)의 동광화작용(銅鑛化作用)

박희인,설용구,Park, Hee-In,Seol, Yongkoo 대한자원환경지질학회 1992 자원환경지질 Vol.25 No.3

The Keumryeong deposits is a low grade copper deposits in which copper minerals form disseminated grains and thin veinlets in felsic volcanics seem to be dacite. Alteration of the volcanics consists mainly pervasive propylitization and silicification. Potassic alteration characterized by biotite developed locally adjacent to southwestern contact of granodiorite body. Principal sulfide minerals in altered zone are mainly pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite content in potassic zone is relatively higher than that of surrounding propylitized zone. Pyrite and chalcopyrite accompanies magnetite, molybdenite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pentlandite, marcasite, hematite, ilmenite, rutile, bismuthinite and native Bi as disseminations, veinlets and knots. Granodiorite body is propylitized and contains veinlets of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Fluid inclusions in sulfide-bearing quartz veinlets and quartz grains of felsic volcanics and granodiorite in altered zone consist of liquid-rich, vapor-rich, $CO_2-bearing$ and halite-bearing inclusions. These four types of inclusion intimately associated on a microscopic scale and indicate condensing or boiling of ore fluid during mineralization. Homogenization temperature of coexisting fluid inclusions are mostly in the range of 350 to $450^{\circ}C$. High salinity fluid contains 28.6 to 48.4 weight percent NaCI equivalent and moderate salinity fluid cotains 0.5 to 12.5 weight percent NaCl equivalent. Pressure estimated from $CO_2$ mole fraction of $CO_2-bearing$ inclusion range 160 to 375 bars. The Kigu copper deposits is a fissure filling copper vein developed 500 m south from the Keumryong deposits. Mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kigu deposits are similar to that of the Keumryeong deposits. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions from the Kigu deposits are reasonable agreement with temperature estimated from sulfidation curve of cubanite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite and pyrite-pyrrhotite mineral assemblages. Not only mineral occurrence and wall rock alteration in the Keumryeong deposits but also fluid inclusion data such as temperature, salinity, pressure and boiling evidences are similar to those of porphyry copper deposits.

여와(餘窩) 목만중(睦萬中)의 시에 나타난 현실 인식과 대응 양상

박희인 ( Hee In Park ) 한국한시학회 2011 韓國漢詩硏究 Vol.19 No.-

목만중은 18세기 남인 문단에서 활동하였던 대표적인 시인이다. 그의 시는 당대에 이미 많은 사람들로부터 인정받았다. 그러나 그의 시세계는 매우 방대하므로 본 논문에서는 현실 인식과 대응 양상이라는 측면에 국한하여 살펴보았다. 목만중은 젊은 시절부터 벼슬에 나아가 어지러운 사회를 바로잡는 일에 참여하고자 하였다. 그러나 그의 꿈은 좌절당하였고 이후 그는 오랜 시간 칩거 생활을 하게 된다. 칩거 생활 동안 그는 자신의 꿈을 펼 수 없는 현실에 분노를 느끼고 질타를 가하지만 또 한편으로 그러한 현실에 대응하는 자신만의 방법을 깨닫기도 하였다. 목만중이 깨달은 자신만의 대응 방법이란 가치를 상대적인 것으로 인식하고 자신의 뜻을 펼 수 있는 때가 오기를 기다리는 것이었다. 목만중은 당시의 조선 사회가 매우 혼란스럽다고 인식하였으며 외부의 문물이 조선에 유입되어 사회를 더욱 혼란시킬 것을 우려하였다. 때문에 청 문물과 서학의 유입에 대하여 강경하게 대응하였다. 목만중은 자신이 겪는 번민과 고통을 꿈을 통해 위로하기도 하였다. 꿈은 그리운 대상을 떠올려 작자를 위로하고 때로는 이루지 못한 것들을 완성하고 마음껏 누리게 하기도 하였다. 결론적으로 현실 인식과 대응 양상이라는 측면에서 살핀 목만중의 시세계는 주류에서 소외되었던 당대의 한 지식인의 사회에 대한 도전과 관심 그리고 좌절된 자신에 대한 위안과 위로를 담고 있다고 하겠다. In this paper, I analyzed the poems of Mok Man-jung(1727-1810) who was a representative poet of the Nam-in(南人) literary world in the 18th century. His poetry world was voluminous and so I especially focused on analyzing his poems in the aspects of sense of reality and literary responses. In his early days, Mok Man-jung had tried to contribute to improving the troubled society by a public official. However, his ambitions was frustrated and he lived in seclusion from the world. During seclusion, he was very indignant with the injustice society and denounced it; on the other hand, he realized his own way of literary response to the society. Mok Man-jung responded to the social situation of his time in following three ways. Firstly, he waited the appropriate time when he could realize his aspirations, as recognizing the relativity of value. Secondly, he was unbending in his opposition to the introductions of Qing and Western thoughts because he believed that the thoughts would have harmful effects on Chosun society. Thirdly, he consoled himself with his dreams. In the dreams, he reminded his precious old memories and sometimes achieves his unfulfilled desires. In conclusion, Mok Man-jung`s poetry world has not only an alienated intellectual`s interests in his times and challenges against the injustice world but also consolation to his frustration.