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SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention
Hassan Karami,Zeinab Karimi,Negin Karami 질병관리본부 2022 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.13 No.6
The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly transmissible virus with a likely animal origin, has posed major and unprecedented challenges to millions of lives across the affected nations of the world. This outbreak first occurred in China, and despite massive regional and global attempts shortly thereafter, it spread to other countries and caused millions of deaths worldwide. This review presents key information about the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease (namely, coronavirus disease 2019) and briefly discusses the origin of the virus. Herein, we also briefly summarize the strategies used against viral spread and transmission.
Behnamfar Mohammad Reza,Barati Hassan,Karami Mahdi 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.3
In this paper, a stochastic multi-objective structure is introduced in joint energy and reserve market to allow energy generation companies (GENCOs) participating in the short-term hydro-thermal self-scheduling with wind, photovoltaic uncertainty and small-hydro units. In addition, uncertainties including energy price, spinning and non-spinning reserve prices as well as the uncertainty of renewable energy resources such as output power of the wind, PV and small-hydro power plants are mentioned. One pivotal feature of this study is that two methods are used to generate stochastic multi-objective scenarios, namely lattice monte carlo simulation and roulette wheel mechanism. After that, the main purpose of the study is described, i.e., making GENCOs able to achieve the maximum profi t and the minimum emission by using a multi-objective function considering a stochastic process. To reach this aim, the mixed integer programming which includes a set of multi stage deterministic scenarios is employed. However, some special cases should be introduced in the formulation structure of the presented scheduling regarding hydro-thermal units to make the SMO-HTSS problem with wind, PV and SH units alike real time modeling. Since optimal Pareto solutions are produced in this method, one can allude to the application of the ε -constraint method. Nevertheless, in order to select one of the most appropriate solutions among Pareto solutions obtained, the utilization of fuzzy method has been presented. In the end, some tests are carried out on an IEEE 118-bus test system to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.
Payam Zahedi,Iraj Rezaeian,Seyed Hassan Jafari,Zeinab Karami 한국고분자학회 2013 Macromolecular Research Vol.21 No.6
The main purpose of this work was to develop biomedical electrospun nanofibrous mats based on a poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (80/20) hybrid with a defined drug release rate using tetracycline hydrochloride as a model drug. The electrospinning process parameters, such as polymer solution concentration, distance between injecting syringe tip/collector, voltage, injected flow rate and the polyvinyl alcohol crosslinking time were optimized via a D-optimal design method for a suitable nanofiber diameter with an optimal drug release rate. The morphology of nanofibers and their mean diameters were studied by a scanning electron microscopy technique. The results showed that the mean diameters of nanofibers were significantly reduced after drug loading. The swelling,weight loss and biodegradability of nanofibers samples investigated by FTIR were also determined. Two main mechanisms via penetration and erosion were evaluated. In vitro drug release in a phosphate buffer environment at pH=7.2for the samples demonstrated that the polymer type and hydrophilic nature of the polymer/drug system is very effective in the kinetics and mechanism of drug release. Hybridization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ε-caprolactone) with a known ratio showed to be a suitable and useful method in the electrospinning of nanofibers samples for superior control of the drug release rate. Finally, nanofibrous mats of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol/poly(ε-caprolactone)hybrid (80/20) had much better drug release rate characteristics for tetracycline hydrochloride as a model drug compared with cast film samples loaded with the same drug.