Crosslinguistic typological evidence for prosodic buffers

William Hart 한국음운론학회 2019 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.25 No.2

The primary aim of this paper is to provide support for the Generalized Repulsion constraint scheme proposed in Hart (2017) by presenting crosslinguistic typological evidence of all the prosodic buffer types predicted by the scheme. Analogous to McCarthy and Prince’s (1993) Generalized Alignment scheme, repulsion constraints consist of four arguments and are formalized as REPEL(Cat1, Cat2, Edge, Buffer), where the first two arguments are prosodic constituents repelled from one another, the third is the edge at which they are repelled, and the fourth is the minimal distance required between the two, instantiated as a buffer. Since the scope of the scheme is limited by an inventory consisting of five prosodic constituents, it is predicted that constraints defined by each of these five buffer types should be found in actually occurring languages of the world. Starting with segmental buffers in Estonian, Maltese, Palauan and Western Aranda, then moving on to moraic buffers in Hixkaryana, Chimalapa Zoque and Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole, then to syllabic buffers in Latin and Seneca, and to foot-sized buffers in Paumari, and finally to word-sized buffers in English, and including examples from several other analogous languages along the way for each type, this paper presents a wealth of cases to demonstrate that all five predicted buffer types are indeed attested. (University of Seoul, Visiting Professor)

Prosodic buffers: A constraint-based account of English vowel laxing

William Hart 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.21 No.2

Using the tools of prosodic repulsion, this paper proposes a unified constraint-based account of vowel length alternation in sets of morphologically related English words such as wise?wisdom, tone?tonic and sane?sanity. These alternations, originally analyzed in SPE as resulting from rules of pre-cluster laxing, -ic/-id/-ish laxing and trisyllabic laxing, and in later work (e.g. Borowsky 1986, Myers 1987, Yip 1987) from shortening rules, are re-analyzed here as the result not of rule-based processes but of a parallel evaluation of ranked constraints. While the monomoraicity of words such as wisdom is determined by basic constraints regulating the maximum weight of a syllable, the moraicity of coda consonants, and moraic faithfulness, the short stressed vowel in words such as tonic and sanity emerges through the interaction not only of the three aforementioned constraints but also of two newly proposed ones. The first of these is a moraic resistance constraint that militates against the alignment of a strong mora with a syllable edge, and the second is a prosodic buffer constraint which formalizes a ban against vocalic buffers. As a result of this interaction of constraints, the intervocalic consonant in the optimal candidates of words like tonic and sanity is syllabified in the coda position of the stressed syllable, serving as a buffer between the strong mora and the syllable edge to quell the force of repulsion between them.

Prosodic Repulsion in English and Cairene Arabic

William Hart 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.21 No.1

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of prosodic repulsion, a force of resistance between phonological entities that is proposed to account for several seemingly disparate and heretofore unconnected phonological phenomena across human languages. Three basic aspects of phonological structure (i.e. nonfinality in metrical structure, onsets in syllable structure and binarity in foot structure) are reconsidered through the lens of prosodic repulsion as an introduction, and it is demonstrated that each of these aspects of phonological structure can be understood as the result of resistance between an element of a prosodic constituent and an edge of that constituent. Two case studies are then presented in order to demonstrate some of the ways in which the concept of prosodic repulsion can be applied to the re-analysis of old problems. In the first of these, a constraint banning word-final strong morae is proposed to account for the disparity in English between words with final stressed bimoraic syllables such as kangaroo and words with final unstressed bimoraic syllables such as buffalo. In the second case study, a constraint banning word-final morae from being parsed into feet is proposed to account for the notoriously complex pattern of stress in Cairene Arabic. Both of the proposed constraints crucially involve the resistance of moraic elements to the edge of the prosodic word, representing a specific subtype of prosodic repulsion constraints that are referred to above as moraic resistance constraints.

A Stress System of the English Simple Lexicon

William Hart,No-Ju Kim 신영어영문학회 2012 신영어영문학회 학술발표회 자료집 Vol.2012 No.2

This paper offers an Optimality-theoretic account of the stress system of the English simple lexicon. A constraint ranking is presented covering the basic stress patterns of non-derived English nouns along with Tableaux demonstrating the interaction of these constraints for a representative sample of the lexicon. Improvements on previous accounts are noted, and additional constraints are introduced to handle data which initially appear to represent exceptions to the proposed system, including final unstressed CVC syllables, final bimoraic stressed syllables, and final bimoraic unstressed syllables. Finally, a bank of data is presented composed of two lists, one of which contains stress patterns predicted by the system to occur in the English simple lexicon, and the other of stress patterns predicted by the system not to occur, along with representative samples from the lexicon to demonstrate the validity of these predictions.

OK in Emergency Dispatch Encounters

Hart. William,Suh. Kyunghee,Oh. Yeonglim 한국사회언어학회 2017 사회언어학 Vol.25 No.2

Hart, William, Suh, Kyunghee, & Oh, Yeonglim. 2017. “ OK in Emergency Dispatch Encounters”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(2), 1~28. This paper investigates the discourse marker OK in 911 emergency calls, paying special attention to how its use is embedded in the context of the request-offer sequence through which the caller and the dispatcher display distinctive orientations in terms of goals, rights, and responsibilities. In line with previous research, it was found that the use of this marker displays multifunctionality, which for callers is manifested in the function OK not only as a response token but also as an affiliative signal of cooperation in the acknowledgment and acceptance of directives and updates on the status of the emergency response. For dispatchers, this multifunctionality is found in the activation of a bidirectional looking function of the marker which orients backward in acknowledgment of information elicited and provided in previous turns, while simultaneously orienting forward in anticipation of an impending directive, request for information, or status update in the turn that follows.

Forces in Balance

William Hart 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.49

An account of the basic system of English stress is provided within the theoretical perspective of classic Optimality Theory. It is demonstrated that, of the set of constraints accounting for the basic stress system and for prosodic structures such as the syllable, foot and word, the majority of constraints can be classified as either alignment or disalignment constraints. While the former are represented using the Generalized Alignment scheme of McCarthy & Prince (1993b), the latter are represented using the Generalized Repulsion scheme of Hart (2017). It is suggested that these two constraint schemes are formalized embodiments of two types of prosodic force, one of which pulls prosodic elements together, and the other of which pushes them apart. In this sense, alignment represents a force of attraction between prosodic constituents, and disalignment represents a force of repulsion. The basic stress system of English can thus be seen as resulting from a balance of these two forces, representing a typical example of prosodic structure being determined by this balance.

A formal scheme for prosodic disalignment

William Hart 한국음운론학회 2017 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.23 No.1

This paper presents a formalized scheme for the representation of constraints that codify the force of prosodic repulsion, a concept first introduced in Hart (2015a) and expanded upon in Hart (2015b). Prosodic repulsion embodies a force of resistance between phonological entities which works together in concert with a force of attraction between entities to define and regulate prosodic structure. While the force of attraction has commonly been referred to as alignment, the force of repulsion can analogously be understood as disalignment. The proposed scheme for the formalization of such disalignment has here been dubbed Generalized Repulsion for the commonalities it shares with the constraint scheme proposed by McCarthy and Prince (1993), yet it differs from Generalized Alignment in several respects. First, the arguments of GR constraints indicating the relevant prosodic structures are both marked with the universal operator. Second, reference to only one edge is required. Third, an additional argument is included to represent the buffer, which is the minimal distance required between the two constituents that repel each other. With the introduction of this constraint scheme, the overall phonological grammar as a whole is simplified, and several previously unconnected phonological phenomena can be brought together under a single theoretical umbrella.

MODULATION OF TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS BY CALORIC RESTRICTION

William T. Allaben,Ming W. Chou,Rex A. Pegram,Julian Leakey,Ritchie J. Feuers,Peter H. Duffy,Angelo Turturro,Ronald W. Hart 한국독성학회 1990 Toxicological Research Vol.6 No.2

MODULATION OF TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS BY CALORIC RESTRICTION

Allaben, William T.,Chou, Ming W.,Pegram, Rex A.,Leakey, Julian,Feuers, Ritchie J.,Duffy, Peter H.,Turturro, Angelo,Hart, Ronald W. The Korean Society of Toxicology Korea Environment 1990 Toxicological Research Vol.6 No.2

Dietary restriction (caloric restriction) is the only intervention which has been reliably shown to extend the maximum life span of warm-blooded animals and delay the many phenomena associated with aging. It is also one of the most effective modulators of toxicity, especially cancer endpoints. In spite of the known modulator effects of caloric restriction, the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects had not been in vestigated until recently. The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), in a collaborative effort with the National Institute of Aging (NIA), initiated a project whereby nine (9) combinations of rodent species/strains and diets were fed both restricted and ad libitum. The NIA's initiative was to identify biomarkers of aging whereas NCTR's initiative was to identify the biological effects associated with the profound effects caloric restriction has in protecting against both spontaneous (age-related) and chemically-induced toxic endpoints. Independent of sex or species, caloric restriction has similar effects on body temperature, oxygen consumption and $CO_2$production. Caloric restriction also decreased lipid glycolysis and metabolism in rats and mice, which suggest decreased production of metabolites which could lead to fatty acid epoxide formation. The age-associated loss of ciradian regulation of intermediate enzymes is also significantly reduced. Moreover, caloric restriction reduced the age-associated feminization of sexually dimorphic liver isozymes, increased several glucocorticoid responsive isozymes, elevated glucagon/insulin ratios, produced less microsomal superoxide and enhanced the capacity for utilzing detoxicating metabolic pathways. Calorically restricted rats have less than half the number of aflatoxin ($AFB_1$)-DNA adducts than ad libitum animals and urinary excretion of $AFB_1$ was increased significantly. Finally, DNA repair mechanisms are enhanced and oncogene expression is decreased in calorically restricted animals.

Late avulsion of a free flap in a patient with severe psychiatric illness: Establishing a successful salvage strategy

Schaffer, Clara,Hart, Andrew,Watfa, William,Raffoul, Wassim,Summa, Pietro Giovanni di Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.6

Post-traumatic defects of the distal third of the leg often require skipping a few steps of the well-established reconstructive ladder, due to the limited local reliable reconstructive options. In rare cases, the reconstructive plan and flap choice may encounter challenges when the patient has psychiatric illness affecting compliance with postoperative care. We describe a case of a patient with severe intellectual disability and an open fracture of the distal lower limb. After fracture management and debridement of devitalized tissues, the resultant soft tissue defect was covered with a free gracilis flap. On postoperative day 7, the patient ripped out the newly transplanted flap. The flap was too traumatized for salvage, so a contralateral free gracilis muscle flap was used. The patient showed good aesthetic and functional outcomes at a 1-year follow-up. When planning the postoperative management of patients with psychiatric illness, less complex and more robust procedures may be preferred over a long and complex surgical reconstruction requiring good compliance with postoperative care. The medical team should be aware of the risk of postoperative collapse, focus on the prevention of pain, and be wary of drug interactions. Whenever necessary, free tissue transfer should be performed despite potential compliance issues.