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The involvement of Parkin-dependent mitophagy in the anti-cancer activity of Ginsenoside
Xin Sun,Yeting Hong,Yuhan Shu,Caixia Wu,Guiqin Ye,Hanxiao Chen,Hongying Zhou,Ruilan Gao,Jianbin Zhang 고려인삼학회 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.2
Colon cancer, the third most frequent occurred cancer, has high mortality and extremely poor prognosis. Ginsenoside, the active components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Panax ginseng, exerts antitumor effect in various cancers, including colon cancer. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of Ginsenoside in the tumor suppression have not been fully elucidated. Here, we chose the representative ginsenoside Rg3 and reported for the first time that Rg3 induces mitophagy in human colon cancer cells, which is responsible for its anticancer effect. Rg3 treatment leads to mitochondria damage and the formation of mitophagosome; when autophagy is inhibited, the clearance of damaged mitochondria can be reversed. Next, our results showed that Rg3 treatment activates the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway and recruits Parkin and ubiquitin proteins to mitochondria to induce mitophagy. GO analysis of Parkin targets showed that Parkin interacts with a large number of mitochondrial proteins and regulates the molecular function of mitochondria. The cellular energy metabolism enzyme GAPDH is validated as a novel substrate of Parkin, which is ubiquitinated by Parkin. Moreover, GAPDH participates in the Rg3-induced mitophagy and regulates the translocation of Parkin to mitochondria. Functionally, Rg3 exerts the inhibitory effect through regulating the nonglycolytic activity of GAPDH, which could be associated with the cellular oxidative stress. Thus, our results revealed GAPDH ubiquitination by Parkin as a crucial mechanism for mitophagy induction that contributes to the tumor-suppressive function of ginsenoside, which could be a novel treatment strategy for colon cancer.
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Zongjian Liu,Shulei Zhang,Yuanyuan Ran,Huimin Geng,Fuhai Gao,Guiqin Tian,Zengguo Feng,Jianing Xi,Lin Ye,Wei Su 한국생체재료학회 2023 생체재료학회지 Vol.27 No.00
Background Stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Poststroke rehabilitation is still unsatisfactory in clinics, which brings great pain and economic burdens to stroke patients. In this study, an injectable hydrogel in which tannic acid (TA) acts as not only a building block but also a therapeutic drug, was developed for poststroke rehabilitation. Methods TA is used as a building block to form an injectable hydrogel (TA gel) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) by multivalent hydrogen bonds. The morphology, rheological properties, and TA release behavior of the hydrogel were characterized. The abilities of the TA gel to modulate microglial (BV2 cells) polarization and subsequently enhance the neuroplasticity of neuro cells (N2a cells) were assessed in vitro. The TA gel was injected into the cavity of stroke mice to evaluate motor function recovery, microglial polarization, and neuroplasticity in vivo. The molecular pathway through which TA modulates microglial polarization was also explored both in vitro and in vivo. Results The TA gel exhibited sustainable release behavior of TA. The TA gel can suppress the expression of CD16 and IL-1β, and upregulate the expression of CD206 and TGF-β in oxygen and glucose-deprived (OGD) BV2 cells, indicating the regulation of OGD BV2 cells to an anti-inflammatory phenotype in vitro. This finding further shows that the decrease in synaptophysin and PSD95 in OGD N2a cells is effectively recovered by anti-inflammatory BV2 cells. Furthermore, the TA gel decreased CD16/iNOS expression and increased CD206 expression in the periinfarct area of stroke mice, implying anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia in vivo. The colocalization of PSD95 and Vglut1 stains, as well as Golgi staining, showed the enhancement of neuroplasticity by the TA gel. Spontaneously, the TA gel successfully recovered the motor function of stroke mice. The western blot results in vitro and in vivo suggested that the TA gel regulated microglial polarization via the NF-κB pathway. Conclusion The TA gel serves as an effective brain injectable implant to treat stroke and shows promising potential to promote poststroke rehabilitation in the clinic.
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