성별 임금격차에 대한 이론적 고찰과 시사점

이각희 한국사회복지정책학회 2004 사회복지정책 Vol.19 No.-

성별 임금격차는 각국의 임금격차완화의 노력에도 불구하고 실제로 관찰되고 있다. 성별 임금격차는 남성과 여성근로자의 객관적인 근로능력의 차이에서 비롯되는 합리적인 임금의 격차와 단지 여성이라는 이유로 발생하는 임금의 성별 차이의 합으로 정의된다. 성별 임금격차의 존재는 연금을 비롯한 사회복지 정책상에 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 합리적인 성별 임금격차의 존재는 자유시장경제체제의 논리적 귀결이라 할 수 있지만 임금의 성차별의 문제는 시장경제의 논리로 볼 때 얼른 이해가 죄지 않는 문제로서 이론적 규명은 요한다. 왜냐하면 여성의 임금이 상대적으로 낮고 기업이 합리적이어서 이윤극대화를 추구한다면 생산성이 동일할 경우 기업에 의한 여성인력의 수요가 중대하여 결국 남성과 여성의 임금이 동등해질 것이기 때문이다. 본고에서는 편견에 의한 임금의 성차별, 기업가의 위험회피성향에 의한 임금의 성차별, 인적 자원의 형성에 기인한 임금의 성차별에 관한 이론을 중심으로 임금의 성차별에 대해 고찰해보기로 한다. 편견에 의한 임금의 성차별은 기업이 여성 자체를 거부함으로써 남여 생산성이 동일함에도 불구하고 기업이 주관적으로 느끼는 근로비용은 여성이 더 높아 여성 근로에 대한 수요가 감소함으로써 발생한다. 기업이 여성근로자의 생산성 측정이 불확실할 경우 여성인력에 대한 수요가 감소하게 되어 임금의 성차별이 발생한다. 여성이 육아와 기타 가사노동을 부담해야 할 경우 여성근로자의 인적 자본형성은 남성근로자에 비해 낮게 되어 여성근로자에 대한 수요가 감소하게 된다. 편견에 의한 임금이 성차별을 제외한 경우의 임금의 성차별을 해소 내지 완화하기 위해서는 여성이 출산육아·가사노동을 담당하고 있다는 점을 고려아여 정책을 수립하여야 할 것이다. 즉, 여성근로자가 육아나 가사노동으로부터 자유로워진다면 임금의 성차별은 크게 완화되거나 해소될 것이다. This paper addresses the gender differences in pay. It deals with the cause of wage differential, gender wage discrimination and its implication for equal pay policy. Total wage difference consists of wage differential, resulting from the difference of objective characteristics, and wage discrimination in regard to gender. Wage differential can be explained by various factors like heterogeneity of jobs, employers, human capital of employees and imperfection of the labor market. But the existence of gender wage discrimination is not easy to understand, if one assumes that employers' behaviour are rational, i, e. they try to maximize their profits. If the wage of female workers is lower than that of male workers and the productivities of both workers are equal, the demand of female workers will increase and the wage of female workers will rise till it is equal to that of male workers. But why is the wage of female workers still lower than that of male workers even if both of them have the same productivity? There are three main theoretical approaches to explain the reason of gender wage discrimination: Preference Model based on Becker's Model, Risk Aversion Model with respect to estimation uncertainty of productivity and the lack of human capital due to woman's child raising and keeping household. According to Preference Model, the employment of female worker brings a disutility to the employer, which means the effective higher labor cost. Therefore the following decrease of demand of female workers leads to lower wage. The Risk Aversion Model tries to explain the wage discrimination by the estimation uncertainty of productivity of female workers. The employer avoids the uncertainty of the estimation of productivity of female workers, so the female workers have to pay a risk premium in terms of lower wage. This lower wage results from the decrease of demand of female workers. The human capital accumulation of female workers will be lower in comparison with that of the male workers, if the female workers have to raise the children and keep their households. As a result, the wage of female workers will be lower. Child raising and keeping household are related to the wage discrimination directly or indirectly. The female workers have to be free from their excess burden of child raising and keeping household. Then the gender wage discrimination will be ameliorated or disappear.

Acquisitions by Business Group and Technology Transfer

Young Gak KIM(Young Gak KIM),Sadao NAGAOKA(Sadao NAGAOKA ) 서울대학교 경제연구소 2023 Seoul journal of economics Vol.36 No.1

Two important opportunities for accelerating the growth of newly established firms are initial public offerings and acquisitions. This study focuses on the acquisition of a firm and its subsequent transformation into a subsidiary by business groups and investigates how such governance facilitates technology transactions (i.e., transfer of patent rights) and firm growth in Japan. The analysis reveals that such acquisitions can lead to increased technology transactions even when the transactions directly related to the acquisition are excluded and the transactions with firms outside the business group are included. However, the increase in technology transactions is limited mainly to wholly owned subsidiaries. The transfer of patent rights to a subsidiary is accompanied by an improvement in its sales, R&D, and productivity, controlling for the increase in its capital base. The sales and other performance of the business group also improve with the number of acquisitions.

새벽 (p.81-82)

김원각(Kim Won-Gak),김원각((Kim Won-Gak) (번역자) 고요아침 2012 시조시학 Vol.43 No.-

Design of a Single-Cellgap Multi-mode Transflective LCD

Gak-Seok Lee,Jae Chang Kim,Tae-Hoon Yoon 한국통신학회 2004 한국통신학회 기타 간행물 Vol.2004 No.11

Stereo Matching Using Bit-plane Slicing and Modified Windowed Fourier Phase

Gak Min,Heng-Suk Lee,Kyu-Phil Han,Yeong-Ho Ha 대한전자공학회 2003 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2003 No.7

Long-term outcome of isolated thrombocytopenia accompanied by hypocellular marrow

Gak-Won Yun,Young-Jun Yang,송익찬,Seung-Woo Baek,Kyu-Seop Lee,이효진,Hwan-Jung Yun,Kye-Chul Kwon,Samyong Kim,조덕연 대한혈액학회 2011 Blood Research Vol.46 No.2

Background :Hypocellularity of bone marrow (BM), not associated with significant dyshematopoiesis, is often found in patients with isolated thrombocytopenia, but its clinical implications have not been studied. We prospectively studied the clinical features and natural history of these patients. Methods :Adults with isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <100×109/L) in the absence of dyshematopoiesis, cytogenetic abnormalities, or megakaryocytic hyperplasia and who had BM hypocellularity (below 30% in patients aged less than 60 years; below 20% in patients aged 60 years or more) were enrolled at Chungnam National University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2006. They were monitored regularly for changes in platelet counts or development of additional cytopenia. Results :Twenty patients (17 men and 3 women) were enrolled in the study. The median age was 29 years (range, 18-70 years). At initial presentation, the platelet counts ranged from 12 ×109/L to 99×109/L (median, 63×109/L) and were >50×109/L in 16 patients (80%). BM cellularity ranged from 5% to 25% (median, 15%) and was ≤10% in 6 patients (30%). During the median 48-month follow-up (range, 12-90 months), platelet counts of 3 of the 20 patients recovered to normal levels (>150×109/L) after 12, 56 and 66 months. Three patients developed pancytopenia after 11, 70 and 90 months. Two patients were consistent with moderate aplastic anemia, and 1 was confirmed as having refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia. In the remainder of the patients, platelet counts remained unchanged. Conclusion :Isolated thrombocytopenia accompanied by hypocellular marrow encompasses a group of heterogeneous conditions.

Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Neck Flexion Exercise and the Shaker Exercise on the Activities of the Suprahyoid Muscles in Chronic Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

( Gak Hwangbo ),( Kyoung-don Kim ) 대한물리의학회 2018 대한물리의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) neck flexion exercise and the Shaker exercises on the activity of the suprahyoid muscles in chronic stroke patients with dysphagia and to show what exercise methods are effective for swallowing rehabilitation. METHODS: This study was conducted at F hospital in Daegu from August 2014 to February 2017 with 60 participants who understood the purpose of the study and desired to participate. The 60 participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (PNF neck flexion exercise) (n=30) and a control group (Shaker exercise) (n=30). PNF neck flexion exercise was performed in the experimental group and the Shaker exercise was performed in the control group for 30 minutes, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The activity of the suprahyoid muscles was measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: Both the experimental group and the control group showed a statistically significant change in the activity of the suprahyoid muscles before and after the treatment. The changes were also statistically significant when compared by group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, PNF neck flexion exercise should be used in addition to Shaker exercise when rehabilitating a patient with a swallowing disability.

APR+ 표준상세설계 개발단계에서의 경제성 평가

하각현(Gak-Hyeon Ha),서용표(Yong-Pyo Suh),김만원(Man-Won Kim),김성춘(Sung-Choon Kim),박선응(Sun-Eung Park) 한국에너지학회 2012 에너지공학 Vol.21 No.3

Poster Session : Plant Genetics ; Three distinct types of Arabidopsis double-strand telomere binding proteins, AtTBP1, AtBAT1 and AtTRF1

( Moo Gak Hwang ),( Won Kyung Lee ),( Myeon Haeng Cho ) 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 2007 생화학분자생물학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

H-R Diagram for Nearby High-Velocity Stars

Sang Gak Lee 한국천문학회 1982 天文學會報 Vol.7 No.-