THE SCULPTURED FUNERARY MONUMENTS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA (GREECE)

GROSSMAN, JANET BURNETT New York University 1995 국내박사

SAMSON : HERO, MARTYR, OR FOOL? AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY

BARTHOLOME, LYNN GROSSMAN Florida State University 1990 국내박사

Discrimination distress among Asian American adolescents

Grossman, Jennifer M Boston College 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examined Asian American adolescents' experiences of discrimination, how such experiences impact their mental health and social functioning, and what factors may support their healthy development in the face of discrimination. In particular, both risks to healthy development (discrimination) and strengths (peer support and parent racial socialization) that may protect teens from the negative impact of potentially harmful experiences on depression and social competence were investigated. The sample consisted of 172 5 th--8th grade Asian American youth, from both urban and suburban settings, including schools, churches, and community centers. Overall, study findings provided evidence for a relationship between experiences of discrimination and mental health variables of depression and social competence. Results also revealed that peer support may buffer the negative effects of discrimination among Asian American adolescents. These findings highlight the peer-related, social context of discrimination among adolescents, and the importance of developmentally appropriate supports that match the specific experiences and needs of this group. The absence of significant buffering effects from racial socialization suggests the need to further explore the applicability of this construct among Asian American youth.

The moderating effects of expectancies on the relationships between negative urgency and eating disorder symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences among college students

Grossman, Steffanie Delores The Florida State University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Eating disorders (EDs) and alcohol use disorders, as well as less severe eating disorder symptoms and alcohol use, are behaviors that can result in severe physical, social, psychological, occupational, and academic consequences; the risk of premature death may also be increased. These behaviors are often seen comorbidly. When comorbid, negative consequences may be amplified or increased and the outcome, prognosis, and recovery of the disorders may be hindered. A population particularly at risk of developing eating disorder symptoms as well as alcohol use and misuse, and therefore, potentially experiencing severe negative consequences, is college students. Understanding the reasons why eating disorder symptoms and alcohol use and misuse occur among college students is vital, as this allows effective intervention and prevention efforts to occur. The present study strived to provide insight into these reasons. A particular theory describing the reasons behind this relationship that has received support among college students is the Acquired Preparedness Theory (Fischer & Smith, 2008). This theory involves the constructs of negative urgency, eating and thinness/dieting expectancies, and alcohol expectancies. The present study examined these variables among 189 college women and 79 college men gathered through an online and subject pool sample. The predictor variables of gender and negative urgency were measured by the Demographic Information Survey and UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, Urgency subscale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001), respectively. The moderator variables of eating and thinness/dieting expectancies and alcohol expectancies were measured by the Eating Expectancy Inventory Eating Leads to Feeling Out of Control subscale (Hohlstein, Smith, & Atlas, 1998), Thinness and Restricting Expectancy Inventory (Hohlstein et al., 1998), and Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire Positive Expectancy factors (Fromme, Stroot, & Kaplan, 1993), respectively. The criterion variables of ED symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences were measured by the Eating Disorder Examination - Questionnaire 6.0 Global Score (Fairburn & Beglin, 2008), Timeline Followback - Alcohol (Sobell & Sobell, 1992), and Brief - Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (Kahler, Strong, & Read, 2005), respectively. Six hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses, with moderator variables, were used to examine the research questions. Three analyses were run utilizing a subsample of college women while three analyses were run utilizing a subsample of college men. Results revealed that mean (i.e., average) and high (i.e., one standard deviation above the mean) levels of eating and thinness/dieting expectancies moderated the relationship between negative urgency and ED symptoms among college women. Results also revealed that mean and high levels of alcohol expectancies moderated the relationship between negative urgency and alcohol-related negative consequences among college women. No other significant moderating relationships were found. Further, eating and thinness/dieting expectancies were associated with ED symptoms among both college women and men. Alcohol expectancies were associated with alcohol use as well as alcohol-related negative consequences among both college women and college men. Negative urgency also were associated with ED symptoms and alcohol-related negative consequences among college women and ED symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences among college men. The results of this study provide valuable implications for college administrators, faculty, and staff, as well as for mental health professionals working with college students with negative urgency, ED symptoms, and/or alcohol use. By identifying and challenging expectancies that are associated with ED symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences, these behaviors and consequences may be decreased. Further, by increasing college students' distress tolerance skills (i.e., increasing one's ability to manage negative urgency), ED symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related negative consequences may also be avoided or decreased. Of utmost importance, dire and potentially fatal negative consequences of comorbid ED symptoms and alcohol use may be prevented.

Dissent from within: How educational insiders use protest to change their institution

Grossman, Frank D Columbia University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This study builds on an emerging literature within social movement theory that is examining protest within mainstream institutions to tell the story of "educational insiders" (teachers and administrators) who are committed to public education, but who are equally committed to changing the institution from within. This dissertation explores how the Teachers and Administrators of New York (TANY), a group of educators from 28 small schools in New York State, were able to successfully use protest to bring about policy change that allowed the students in their schools to meet graduation requirements by completing performance-based assessment tasks instead of by passing state-level exit exams. In particular, I explore the factors that facilitated the emergence and development of TANY, the strategies that TANY utilized, and the circumstances in which TANY sought the support of groups that do not hold official positions within the institution of public education. I find that three primary factors contributed to the development of TANY. First, controversy on individual Regents exams eroded support of the statewide assessment policy, and provided TANY with political and institutional openings to gain the support of policymakers. Second, TANY utilized its standing as a successful group of schools to take advantage of these opportunities, and to garner the necessary resources to maintain its activities. Third, by framing its struggle as a battle about increasing the educational opportunities of all students rather than only protecting its schools TANY was able to increase the support it received from policymakers and other statewide organizations. Additionally, TANY employed multiple strategies to pursue policy change. Two major factors shaped TANY's tactics. First, TANY educator-activists' loyalty to public education and, in particular, the students in their schools, made members unwilling to engage in actions that they perceived would negatively affect their schools. Second, the receptivity of policymakers in the state to TANY's demands made it unnecessary for the organization to engage in confrontational tactics. Lastly, TANY significantly benefited from collaborating with organizations whose members did not hold formal positions within public education (e.g., parents). However, TANY's cooperation became contentious when TANY did not significantly include parents in decision-making.

Magnetic biosensor using a high transition temperature SQUID

Grossman, Helene Lila University of California, Berkeley 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

A high transition temperature (T_c) Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) is used to detect magnetically-labeled microorganisms. The targets are identified and quantified by means of magnetic relaxation measurements, with no need for unbound magnetic labels to be washed away. The binding rate between antibody-linked magnetic particles and targets can be measured with this technique. Installed in a “SQUID microscope,” a YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ SQUID is mounted on a sapphire rod thermally linked to a liquid nitrogen can; these components are enclosed in a fiberglass vacuum chamber. A thin window separates the vacuum chamber from the sample, which is at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In one mode of the experiment, targets are immobilized on a substrate and immersed a suspension of ∼50 nm diameter superparamagnetic particles, coated with antibodies. A pulsed magnetic field aligns the magnetic dipole moments, and the SQUID measures the magnetic relaxation signal each time the field is turned off. Unbound particles relax within ∼50 μs by Brownian rotation, too fast for the SQUID system to measure. In contrast, particles bound to targets have their Brownian motion inhibited. These particles relax in ∼1 s by rotation of the internal dipole moment, and this Néel relaxation process is detected by the SQUID. This assay is demonstrated with a model system of liposomes carrying the FLAG epitope; the detection limit is (2.7 ± 0.2) × 10<super>5</super> particles. The replacement of the SQUID with a gradiometer improves the detection limit to (7.0 ± 0.7) × 10<super>3</super> particles. In an alternate mode of the experiment, freely suspended targets (larger than ∼1 μm diameter) are detected. Since the Brownian relaxation time of the targets is longer than the measurement time, particles bound to targets are effectively immobilized and exhibit Néel relaxation. <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> are detected using this method; the sensitivity is (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10<super>5</super> bacteria in 20 μL. For a 1 nL sample volume, the detection limit is expected to be 230 ± 40 bacteria. Time-resolved measurements, which yield the binding rate between particles and bacteria, are reported. Also, potential improvements to the system and possible applications are discussed.

Early Bronze Age Hamoukar: A settlement biography

Grossman, Kathryn Mary The University of Chicago 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Around 2600 BC, a handful of settlements across northern Mesopotamia expanded rapidly in size, as part of a now well-known process of secondary urbanization (or reurbanization). This dissertation refocuses the study of this phenomenon by turning attention away from broad, regional processes and, instead, foregrounding local-scale transformations and "settlement biographies." The focus is Tell Hamoukar, one of the largest Early Bronze Age settlements in northern Mesopotamia. Excavations at Hamoukar between 2008 and 2010 uncovered evidence for three phases of occupation in the site's lower town, beginning with settlement expansion near the end of the Ninevite 5 period and ending with a collapse during the Akkadian/post-Akkadian period (c. 2600-2200 BC). At Hamoukar, the package of features normally associated with urbanization - settlement expansion, a complex settlement hierarchy, labor and craft specialization, monumental architecture, centralized food production, etc. - did not emerge suddenly and in lock-step. To the contrary, a detailed examination of architecture, ceramics, faunal remains, glyptic, and burials in the lower town at Hamoukar reveals that these "urban" features developed over an extended period of time and in a series of discontinuous and protracted stages. When compared with other contemporary settlements in the region, the Early Bronze Age occupation at Hamoukar does display some macro-level similarities - e.g. in the sudden expansion of settlement and in regional settlement patterns - but this is where the similarities end. Whatever the driving forces, the process of "reurbanization" that was taking place across northern Mesopotamia was by no means a uniform process.

Path geometries and second-order ordinary differential equations

Grossman, Daniel Andrew Princeton University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

In this thesis, we investigate the local properties of second-order ODE systems <display-math> <fd> <fl>y^i′′=fⁱ<fen lp="par">x, y^j,y^j′<rp post="par"></fen></fl> </fd> </display-math> subject to point-transformations <display-math> <fd> <fl>x=x<fen lp="par"><ovl>x</ovl>,<ovl>y</ovl>^j<rp post="par"></fen> ,<hsp sp="0.212">yⁱ=yⁱ<fen lp="par"><ovl> x</ovl>,<ovl>y</ovl>^j<rp post="par"></fen>.</fl> </fd> </display-math> By defining the notion of a <italic>path geometry </italic> on a manifold as a system of unparameterized curves, corresponding to solutions of such an ODE system, one can apply É. Cartan's method of equivalence, which yields a complete set of local differential invariants. The flat model for path geometry consists of lines in projective space, and on any path geometry there is induced a structure generalizing the structure of projective space as a homogeneous space of the special linear group. With this structure, one can identify natural classes of ODE systems, such as those describing geodesics of an affine connection. Complementing this class of geodesic equations are a new class, called <italic>torsion-free</italic> path geometries, with remarkable geometric properties, including in the generic case an abundance of invariant first integrals. These are studied in detail in the case of pairs of ordinary differential equations, where one finds a twistor correspondence with half-flat, split-signature conformal structures. We additionally investigate, in the context of differential invariants, the special role played by ODE systems of Euler-Lagrange type; and we discuss the relationship between second-order ODE systems subject to point transformations and a certain natural class of PDE systems subject to gauge transformations.

Spinning Black Hole Pairs: Dynamics and Gravitational Waves

Grossman, Rebecca Columbia University 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Black hole binaries will be an important source of gravitational radiation for both ground-based and future space-based gravitational wave detectors. The study of such systems will offer a unique opportunity to test the dynamical predictions of general relativity when gravity is very strong. To date, most investigations of black hole binary dynamics have focused attention on restricted scenarios in which the black holes do not spin (and thus are confined to move in a plane) and/or in which they stay on quasi-circular orbits. However, spinning black hole pairs in eccentric orbits are now understood to be astrophysically equally important. These spinning binaries exhibit a range of complicated dynamical behaviors, even in the absence of radiation reaction. Their conservative dynamics is complicated by extreme perihelion precession compounded by spin-induced precession. Although the motion seems to defy simple decoding, we are able to quantitatively define and describe the fully three-dimensional motion of arbitrary mass-ratio binaries with at least one black hole spinning and expose an underlying simplicity. To do so, we untangle the dynamics by constructing an instantaneous orbital plane and showing that the motion captured in that plane obeys elegant topological rules. In this thesis, we apply the above prescription to two formal systems used to model black hole binaries. The first is defined by the conservative 3PN Hamiltonian plus spin-orbit coupling and is particularly suitable to comparable-mass binaries. The second is defined by geodesics of the Kerr metric and is used exclusively for extreme mass-ratio binaries. In both systems, we define a complete taxonomy for fully three-dimensional orbits. More than just a naming system, the taxonomy provides unambiguous and quantitative descriptions of the orbits, including a determination of the zoom-whirliness of any given orbit. Through a correspondence with the rational numbers, we are able to show that all of the qualitative features of the well-studied equatorial geodesic motion around Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes are also present in more general black hole binary systems. This includes so-called zoom-whirl behavior, which turns out to be unexpectedly prevalent in comparable-mass binaries in the strong-field regime just as it is for extreme mass-ratio binaries. In each case we begin by thoroughly cataloging the constant radius orbits which generally lie on the surface of a sphere and have acquired the name "spherical orbits". The spherical orbits are significant as they energetically frame the distribution of all orbits. In addition, each unstable spherical orbit is asymptotically approached by an orbit that whirls an infinite number of times, known as a homoclinic orbit. We further catalog the homoclinic trajectories, each of which is the infinite whirl limit of some part of the zoom-whirl spectrum and has a further significance as the separatrix between inspiral and plunge for eccentric orbits. We then show that there exists a discrete set of orbits that are geometrically closed n-leaf clovers in a precessing orbital plane. When viewed in the full three dimensions, these orbits do not close, but they are nonetheless periodic when projected into the orbital plane. Each n-leaf clover is associated with a rational number, q, that measures the degree of perihelion precession in the precessing orbital plane. The rational number q varies monotonically with the orbital energy and with the orbital eccentricity. Since any bound orbit can be approximated as near one of these periodic n-leaf clovers, this special set offers a skeleton that illuminates the structure of all bound orbits in both systems, in or out of the equatorial plane. A first significant conclusion that can be drawn from this analysis is that all generic orbits in the final stages of inspiral under gravitational radiation losses are characterized by precessing clovers with few leaves, and that no orbit will behave like the tightly precessing ellipse of Mercury. We close with a practical application of our taxonomy beyond the illumination of conservative dynamics. The numerical calculation of the first-order (adiabatic) approximation to radiatively evolving inspiral motion in extreme mass-ratio binaries is currently hindered by prohibitive computational cost. Motivated by this limitation, we explain how a judicious use of periodic orbits can dramatically expedite both that calculation and the generation of snapshot gravitational waves from geodesic sources.

Robotics and the future of asymmetric warfare

Grossman, Nicholas University of Maryland, College Park 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

In the post-Cold War world, the world's most powerful states have cooperated or avoided conflict with each other, easily defeated smaller state governments, engaged in protracted conflicts against insurgencies and resistance networks, and lost civilians to terrorist attacks. This dissertation explores various explanations for this pattern, proposing that some non-state networks adapt to major international transitions more quickly than bureaucratic states. Networks have taken advantage of the information technology revolution to enhance their capabilities, but states have begun to adjust, producing robotic systems with the potential to grant them an advantage in asymmetric warfare.