Student characteristics and organizational differences as they relate to transfer

Sheldon, Caroline Quirion University of California, Los Angeles 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study draws from the social reproduction theory of Pierre Bourdieu, in particular Bourdieu's concept of habitus, in an attempt to uncover the means by which California community college students are channeled into particular transfer destinations, specifically, the California State University, the University of California, and four-year for-profit universities such as the University of Phoenix. Bourdieu's concept of habitus, operationalized in this study as ascribed characteristics of students, such as ethnicity, class, and gender, and organizational qualities of the community college, such as transfer rates, percentages of students receiving need-based aid and requiring remedial coursework, were examined in an effort to discern the effects of social background characteristics, academic experiences, and institutional effects in the transfer process. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the predictive value and relative strength of each of the variables in the model. In addition, the relative risk ratios for three distinct contrasts were estimated. The risk ratios associated with the set of social, academic, and organizational qualities on transfer to the CSU were compared with those associated with transfer to the University of California and for-profit universities. Predicted probabilities, based upon ethnicity and financial need, of attending the most selective institution (i.e. the University of California) were also calculated. This procedure allowed for certain characteristics, such as full or part-time attendance or academic area of emphasis, to be held constant thus illuminating the effects of such variables as race, gender, and the transfer rate of the community college. For the total population of community college students, social background, academic experiences, and organizational characteristics had predictive effects on the transfer outcome. Specifically, the strongest predictors of transfer to the University of California were GPA, being Asian, and the transfer rate of the community college. Age exerted the strongest negative effect on transfer to the University of California. The strongest predictors of transfer to the for-profit segment were age, part-time attendance at the community college, being African American, and male. GPA exerted the strongest negative effect relative to the other predictors on transfer to the for-profit segment. For the total population of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the UC while African American males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the for-profit segment. For the traditional group of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California and Latino males and females had higher predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California than white students. For the entire population of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college had no impact on the predicted probabilities of transfer to particular institutions; however, consistent with previous community college research, for the traditional subset of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college exerted a positive effect on transfer. Specifically, the predicted probability of transfer to the University of California was higher when students were enrolled at community colleges with higher transfer rates.

"Of the community, for the community": The Chicana/o student movement in California's public higher education, 1967-1973

Moreno, Marisol University of California, Santa Barbara 2009 해외공개박사

This study examines the Chicana/o student movement in Southern California colleges from 1967 to 1973. Using oral histories, movement newspapers, university archives, and government documents, I argue that Chicana/o student activists centered their organizational identities, activities, and goals on servicing the Mexican American community. Given the diminutive presence of Mexican Americans in higher education, student activists tapped into the social networks and resources, the collective identity, the ideology, and the tactics and strategies of the Chicano Movement to launch a Chicana/o student movement for educational equity. Using a case study approach, the dissertation focuses on four campuses, East Los Angeles College, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of California, San Diego, and California State College, Long Beach to examine how students created organizations; participated in multi-ethnic coalitions; mobilized and affirmed non-white racial and gendered identities; and engaged in protest politics. This work reveals that in the course of participating in barrio and campus struggles, students build a sense of community, which in turn helped to develop and sustain the Chicano Movement's solidarity and collective action over a period of time. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the critical role of Chicana/o student activism in the Chicano Movement and California student movement. In addition to providing a voice for their barrios, Chicana/o student activists pressured state colleges and universities to act and expand on the 1960 Master Plan of Higher Education's mandate to service all segments of California's communities. Despite the Chicana/o student movement's inability to sustain its political momentum and to actualize all of its goals, it yielded significant institutional and cultural changes, among which include the creation of Chicana/o Studies departments and curricula; an increased enrollment of Mexican Americans and other Latina/os into higher education; and the production of a generation of professionals and leaders infused with an ethos of social justice and community service.

Changes in academic entrepreneurship among Japanese university bioscientists, 1980-2012

Kameo, Nahoko University of California, Los Angeles 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

The dissertation examines how Japanese university scientists in the biosciences responded to legal and institutional changes in academic entrepreneurship. Beginning in the 1990s, the Japanese government initiated a series of policy initiatives that attempted to imitate the U.S. academic environment's approach to promoting entrepreneurship. Using archival resources, interviews with prominent scientists, and quantitative methods, the study shows how Japanese university bioscientists responded to these policy and institutional changes. The changes created a new environment. University patenting was encouraged, and collaborations with firms were presumed to have clear, formal contracts through university administration. Japanese university bioscientists, however, did not simply follow the new rules for academic entrepreneurship. Instead, they created a set of practices that were only loosely coupled with the new rules. The study identifies two sets of conditions for the emergence and development of such practices: the scientists' previous practices, which fostered gift-exchange-like trust relationships with collaborating firms, and the scientists' transnational experience, which made them aware of the different possibilities and methods for commercializing their inventions around the globe. The dissertation draws several conclusions. As I show quantitatively, the policy and institutional changes in Japanese academic entrepreneurship increased the number of university-firm interactions. However, as the interview-materials show, Japanese university scientists also maintained entrepreneurial practices that were not the intended consequences of the policy interventions, including collaborating informally and creating startups in the United States. The resulting structure of academic entrepreneurship in Japan, therefore, was a juxtaposition of its own old practices, new procedures, and opportunities abroad. In some respects, this new structure resembled the old structure more than the American one that policy makers had sought to imitate. By identifying ways that local actors can shape how policy is enacted at the local level, the dissertation complicates the current picture of the global diffusion of academic entrepreneurship.

The Construction of Social Meaning: A Matched-Guise Investigation of the California Vowel Shift

Villarreal, Daniel James University of California, Davis ProQuest Dissertat 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Research on social meaning, which links language variation to the wider social world, often bases claims about the social meanings of linguistic forms on production (i.e., speakers' situational use of meaningful forms). In the case of the California Vowel Shift (CVS), an ongoing restructuring of the vowel system of California English that takes place below the level of conscious awareness, previous production research has suggested that the CVS carries social meanings of carefreeness, femininity, and privilege. Left unclear in these production-based claims is whether listeners actually pick up on and recognize the social meanings that speakers apparently utilize the CVS to transmit. In this research, a dialect recognition task with matched guises (California-shifted vs. conservative) forms the basis for exploring Californian listeners' reactions to the CVS, and how these reactions are mediated by perceptions of dialect geography. In short, this research focuses on listeners' reactions to the CVS in order to address a more fundamental question: How do listeners and speakers together participate in the construction of social meaning?. Stimuli for the main study task were drawn from excerpts of sociolinguistic interviews with 12 lifelong California English speakers from three regions of the state: the San Francisco Bay Area, Lower Central Valley, and Southern California. Guises were created from interview excerpts by modifying the F2 of each TRAP and GOOSE token via source-filter resynthesis methods. Californian guises featured backed TRAP and fronted GOOSE; conservative guises featured fronted TRAP and backed GOOSE. Ninety-seven Californians participated in a perceptual task in which they attempted to identify speakers' regional origin and rated speakers on affective scales. The results indicated that Californians recognize the CVS as Californian, as California-shifted guises were less likely to be identified as from outside California (but more likely to be identified as from Southern California). Listeners rated California-shifted guises higher on the scales Californian, sounds like a Valley girl, and confident, indicating a core of social meanings indexed by the CVS. Among listeners from the San Francisco Bay Area, the CVS indexes masculinity, but among Southern California listeners, the CVS indexes femininity. Listeners from across California also rated speakers who they believed to be from the same region as them higher on Californian, familiar, and sounds like me.. This research demonstrates that the social meanings of linguistic forms do not reside only in speakers' situational use of these forms, as listeners did not associate the CVS with carefreeness, femininity, or privilege, the social meanings of the CVS suggested by previous studies of California English production; instead, I propose an account of the indexical field that links perception and production by placing the core social meanings of the CVS uncovered by this research (Californian identity, sounding like a Valley girl, and confidence) at the center of the CVS's indexical field. This research also contributes to theory in perceptual dialectology and language change. In order to explain this study's finding that the CVS is associated with Southern California, this research introduces the perceptual-dialectological process of centrality: the identification of speakers who are believed to most exemplify the speech of a given region. Finally, this research suggests an attitudinal stance that allows changes from below such as the CVS to flourish: speakers are aware of the change in the community (at a tacit level, if not consciously) but do not believe that they are participating in the change.

Student power, a misnomer? Student activism in Uganda's higher education: A case study of Makerere University (1950--2001)

Byaruhanga, Frederick K University of California, Los Angeles 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation research is an historical case study that tells the story of student political activism at Makerere University. The study's specific focus is not necessarily the theoretical underpinnings of student protest, but rather its historical unfolding: how, when, and why student crises occurred as well as their consequences and impact on the process of education. The study seeks to address the existing paucity of empirical knowledge of student critical voice in Uganda's higher education. It not only provides an historical map of this crucial phenomenon, but also discusses how political consciousness impacts education. The choice of Makerere University as a unit of investigation deserves mention. Makerere University is not only the oldest university in Eastern Africa, but was the sole university in Uganda up until the 1980s, hence the only institution that represents the historical roots of Uganda's higher education. Its 81-year history as well as its distinctive character as a powerful symbol of African independence and nationalism, provides a formidable research base for a study that historicizes the role of students in the academy. This study was conducted using a historical case study methodology, which relied on archival, published and non-published documents, and individual interviews. The following questions guided the study: When, why, and how did the protests occur? What were the underlying issues, and to what extent was ideology a factor? How did the students, the government and the university administration respond? What were the immediate and long-term consequences? How did student activism affect the university and society?. The study demonstrates that student activism at Makerere University has been buttressed by students' elite consciousness, reflected in their sense of obligation to become the conscience of the nation, especially on issues of democracy, social justice and political accountability. Their often radical stance is closely related to their growing political consciousness across time as well as the government's coercive approach to crisis. Students have claimed a powerful positionality in the academy as exemplified by their ability to force policy and administrative change, and many of the former student activists have played an indispensable role in shaping Uganda's political history.

Invisible Farmers, Invisible Farms: Gender and Agriculture in Two Northern California Counties

Filan, Trina Robin University of California, Davis 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

The primary purpose of this dissertation is to begin to answer the questions "In what ways and in what places does gender have salience as an analytical category in the context of California agriculture?" and "Is gender problematic or beneficial to the success and longevity of California farmers and their operations?" This research is grounded in a feminist geographical framework. It employs mixed methods to assesses how well census data capture women farmers' lived experiences, professional goals and needs, and general success in agriculture and how qualitative data used in conjunction with census data might enrich analysis of these questions. Results indicate that gender offers a useful analytical lens for examining the utility of quantitative data in understanding the material experiences of California farmers. Results also challenge the assumption that in an agri-food system dominated by market imperatives, sociocultural positionalities are neither problematic nor important in valuing and practicing agriculture. The case study counties diverged at many levels and represent the variety of California agricultural practice. Both contain large- and small-scale farms, commodity and specialty production, and export and local market foci, but one type of agriculture is particularly visible in each county. In Yolo County, this visibility lies in capitalist agriculture at all scales, and women are invisible for the most part in this space. In Placer County, this visibility is beginning to emerge with locally focused, small-scale, artisanal producers, and women are visible and share some power in this space. I argue that California agriculture must acknowledge and accommodate women and other underrepresented farmers. Capital must flex and move, allowing the desires, practices, and needs of agricultural "others" to become visible and legitimate. They are already changing agriculture and the places it is practiced throughout California. Men are leaving agriculture, and acreages are shrinking, even as more food, fuel, and fiber are produced upon remaining land. Women are entering agriculture but are not taking men's places in the same productivist settings. They are entering, primarily, in the interstices and finding ways to make use of land in different ways. Ultimately, agriculture is an unequally gendered enterprise in California.

New Ranchers, New Possibilities: First-generation Ranchers in California

Munden-Dixon, Katherine University of California, Davis ProQuest Dissertat 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines the impacts of demographic and climatic transitions occurring in California agriculture, with a specific focus on first-generation ranchers (FGRs). Through the use of three interrelated articles that span two phases of research, I examine the operation characteristics, management strategies, and innovations FGRs are using to enter California's socio-ecological context. The introduction explores my intellectual journey as I developed this research project in the absence of established literature and data on first-generation ranchers in California. The first chapter presents findings from the first phase of my research through the use of a socioecological framework to compare the operations, demographics and values of FGRs and multi-generation ranchers (MGRs) in California. Based on a quantitative analysis of a rangeland decision-making survey, my coauthors and I find that FGRs in California are more susceptible to drought and underserved by organizations when compared to their multigenerational counterparts. We conclude with a call for outreach organizations and researchers to evaluate reasons for FGRs' drought vulnerability and information needs. In the second chapter I present overall findings from the second phase of my research on FGRs' demographics, operation characteristics, and information use. Using a combination of surveys and semi-structured interviews of California FGRs, I find that these new ranchers tend to be younger and more likely to be female than the average agricultural producer in California. In place of primarily commodity beef cattle production, FGRs are instead engaging in targeted and contract grazing, diversified income streams, directly marketed meat production inclusive of diverse species, and working for established ranches. The economic barriers to entering cattle ranching combined with FGRs' socioecological motivations to raise livestock are overlapping drivers for FGRs using non-University of California information and the lack of new beef cattle ranchers. In the third chapter, I explore how the subjectivities of ecosystem stewards, a large subset of FGRs from the second phase of research, are co-created by the political ecology of California's heterogenous context. FGR ecosystem stewards are motivated to enter livestock production to create meaningful lives and mitigate climate change through grazing cattle, sheep, and goats. They are experimenting with strategies that have the potential to address pressing public issues including fire mitigation, soil carbon sequestration, and habitat restoration. However, I find that this marginal group of ranchers are not receiving appropriate support from public universities or rancher support organizations in part because they are using a different paradigm than the majority of ranching in California. In the conclusion I propose interdisciplinary research trajectories around the democratic creation of equitable and regenerative livestock systems in order to answer the following questions: 1) Does contract and targeted grazing for ecological goals allow new and diverse demographics of ranchers satisfactory livelihoods while providing ecological benefits? and, 2) How should multifunctional land policies and policy interventions that are inclusive and equitable for ranchers be developed, implemented, and enforced?.

Management of End-Of-Life Electronic Products within Environmental Benign Manufacturing Framework : Analysis of Infrastructure, Cost, Materials Flow, and Decision-Making

강해용 University of California 2005 해외박사

본 연구의 목적은 폐전자제품이 환경에 미치는 실제적인 영향과 재활용의 기반시설 등에 관하여 친환경적인 관점에서 비교 분석하여 보다 나은 폐전자제품의 처리 방향을 모색하는데 있다. 전자제품의 유효 평균수명은 감소추세에 있으며 그 속도는 증가하고 있다. 따라서 이들을 처리하기위해서 새로운 방법이 모색 되어져야 하며 그중의 한 방법이 재횔용이다. 본 논문은 폐가전제품의 현 상태를 종합적으로 분석하고, technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 경제적인 모델을 제공하고, materials flow analysis를 이용하여 미래에 발생할 폐전자제품의 양을 예측하고, 오염방지를 위한 법규의 제정에 있어서 의사결정 모델을 제공한다. 폐전자제품의 종합적인 분석을 위하여서는 기존의 재활용 프로그램과 관련되는 각각의 주체들의 역활과 재활용 기술들을 연구하였다. 재활용 비율을 늘리기 위해서는 지속적인 폐전자제품의 공급이 중요하며 효과적인 분리기술, 친환경적인 제품설계, 그리고 분리된 물질 및 부품의 원활한 판로의 확보가 선결과제임을 보여 준다. Technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 수입과 지출 구조를 확인하고 재활용 산업의 활성화를 위한 경제적인 수익 모델을 제공하였고 또한 모델을 sensitivity analysis을 통하여 검증하였다. Materials flow analysis 결과 output 패턴과 그 양은 input 과 단순한 일차함수의 관계가 아님을 보여주며 소비자의 행동양식이output 패턴과 그 양을 결정하는데 가장 중요한 요소로 작용함을 보여준다. 또한Technical cost modeling 과 Materials flow analysis의 조합을 통하여 미래에 필요한 전자제품의 재활용 기반시설, 즉 필요한 자본 투자의 양과 필요한 처리시설의 양을 예측하는 tool을 제공하였다. 전자산업의 유독물질 사용과 그 규제에관한 실제를 비교 분석하였고 의사결정 방법인Analytic hierarchy process을 이용하여 그 결과를 판정하는 tool을 제공하였다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of end-of-life (EOL) electronic products, recycling infrastructure, and efforts in practice to decrease the environmental impact from EOL electronic products, within the boundary of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM). Since the 1980’s, with the development of consumer-oriented electrical and electronic technologies, countless units of electronic equipment have been sold to consumers. The useful life of these consumer electronic devices (CEDs) is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment. The conventional treatment method for this waste is disposal in landfills but because of increasing concern about environmental quality, diverted waste treatment methods are desired. One aspect of the strategy should include recycling and reuse of EOL electronic products. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive approach to evaluating the status of EOL electronic products, an economic model for EOL e-waste recycling, an analytical model to guide future infrastructure needs, and a quantitative tool for pollution prevention policy decision-making. For the comprehensive evaluation of EOL electronic products, existing recycling programs, the roles of each stakeholder in e-waste recycling, and technologies are identified. The results show that to increase the recycling rate a steady supply of collected materials is needed, as well as effective sorting techniques, proper incorporation of Design for the Environment in early product design, and valued secondary markets for recycled goods. In particular, the development of effective collection programs is necessary. Technical cost modeling (TCM) results provide guidance to the recycling industry on how to maximize revenue and ensure the robust economic viability of e-waste Materials Recycling Facilities. Revenue sources with higher profit-efficiency ratios are an example. Also, process automation is demonstrated to be a major hurdle to overcome because of the high labor cost in the recycling industry combined with the randomness factor associated with the input stream. The sensitivity of the cost model results to key assumptions is investigated through the use of sensitivity analysis. The results of the materials flow analysis (MFA) indicate that the pattern of outflow and the amount do not simply depend on the inflow pattern and amount, which is different than general MFA analysis for most other products. Also, the behavior of consumers, especially of the first user, is the most critical factor that determines the outflow of personal computer systems at the EOL stage. The combination of TCM and MFA provide a tool for estimating the infrastructure needed to treat future e-waste, such as the number of treatment facilities and the total capital investment needed. It is shown that, in the time period 1992 to 2003, the State of California electronic and electrical industries decreased the amount of toxic waste they generated. However, during the same time period, the size of these industries increased 3-fold in California. The results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process decision-making study indicate that the current toxic waste treatment methods practiced in the electronic and electrical industries in California are sound relative to their ability to protect pubic health and the environment.

DOMESTICATING THE IMMIGRANT: CALIFORNIA'S COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING AND THE DOMESTIC IMMIGRATION POLICY MOVEMENT, 1910-1945

WOO-SAM, ANNE MARIE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines the implementation of a “domestic immigration policy” by California's Commission of Immigration and Housing. The history of U.S. immigration policy is usually written as a fight over restrictions and quotas at the federal level. Describing immigration policy in this way, scholars have ignored the existence of state immigrant protective agencies that emerged during the Progressive Era. By 1923, such policies existed in states having over fifty percent of the United States' immigrant population. California's program was the second in the nation and one of the most ambitious in the scope of its activities. The first chapter places California's program in the context of a national movement for a “domestic immigration policy.” In California, New York, Massachusetts and other states, this policy aimed to assimilate immigrants through three broad areas of action: protection, education, and geographical dispersion. In practice, these areas of reform translated into state programs for the Americanization of immigrants and the native-born, the state's regulation of living and working conditions, and the state's adjustment of immigrant complaints. The second chapter introduces the bureaucrats responsible for the commission's development. Chapters three through six examine California's domestic immigration policy in four areas: Americanization, the adjustment of immigrant complaints, the regulation of migrant laborers' living and working conditions, and the regulation of housing. A concluding chapter looks at the movement away from the domestic immigration policy that the commission started with and the development of new policies as part of the “fight against fascism” in California from 1939 through 1942. This dissertation thus challenges the literature which looks at immigration policy only at the federal level, or which discusses domestic immigration policy merely within a social control framework. When we look at the commission's functions, it becomes evident that the social control of immigrant life was only part of a much more comprehensive domestic immigration policy. Rather than emphasizing Americanization as a one way exchange in which immigrants were expected to adopt American values, California's experience shows that Americanization called for fundamental changes in native-born behavior and institutions to a degree that has rarely been acknowledged in the literature.

The development of intensive foraging systems in northwestern California

Tushingham, Shannon University of California, Davis 2009 해외공개박사

Salmon figures prominently in the anthropological literature as providing the economic foundation of many north Pacific hunter-gatherer social institutions. In California, acorns play a similar role. Although the central role of these dietary staples is attested to in northwestern California ethnography, how and why this may have differed in the past is poorly understood. This dissertation research asks, when and why do intensive foraging systems focused on salmon fishing and acorn processing emerge in northwestern California, what is the temporal trajectory of this development, and how do these events relate to the development of similar systems in other areas of the Pacific Northwest Coast and California? The study was designed to test the Migration and Pilot Ridge Models, which make specific predictions concerning the appearance of intensive foraging systems in the region. Resolution of these models has been impeded by the fact that most regional studies have focused on coastal or upland sites. Research is based in Tolowa ancestral territory, in the extreme northwestern corner of California, and includes (1) archival research and ethnographic interviews conducted with Tolowa consultants, which document previously unknown details about aboriginal land use of the Smith River Basin and show that historic groups persisted in pursuing traditional lifeways despite extreme population decline and displacement due to horrific massacres, disease, forced removals, and a disintegrating traditional economy, and (2) archaeological excavations, which document over 8000 years of human occupation at five sites along the Smith River in the Redwood Belt of northwestern California. Excavations revealed the longest chronological sequence, the earliest plank houses and the only semi-subterranean sweathouse recorded in northwestern California. Four chronological components are defined, with distinct assemblages, features, and patterns of raw material use and procurement. The dissertation includes an examination of data relating to subsistence (faunal and archaeobotanical analyses, site structure and assemblage correlates) and settlement and mobility (lithic reduction strategies, obsidian distribution patterns). An increase in the use of the lowland river basin is detected after 5000 cal BP. Acorn processing was important, and residential stability increased, particularly after 3100 cal BP. However, evidence for several key foraging strategies are absent until cal 1250 BP when the rise of linear plank house villages is documented, including logistical pursuit of resources, mass extractive methods, and large scale storage. The restructuring of long distance exchange relationships was clearly related to the developing insularity of social groups and increased sedentism characteristic of the time. Intensive foraging strategies developed and spread quickly throughout the region due to the competitive advantage of sedentary groups laying claim to productive resource patches. As foragers seem to have chosen to intensify acorns before salmon, a reexamination of the assumed costs and benefits of these staples is offered. The unique trajectory of intensification in northwestern California is shown to have been influenced by the tradition of small groups and emphasis on less risky plant foods, which were probably viewed as privately owned goods. The system was small, efficient, and highly resistant to freeloaders and top down labor demands. The northwestern California system achieved population densities and levels of affluence rivaling those of the classic Pacific Northwest, but more cheaply, without the costly and burdensome sociopolitical organization that mobilized intensive production there. Clearly, organizational complexity is not a necessary prerequisite for hunter-gatherer intensification.