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Tagatose, the New GRAS Sweetener and Health Product
Gilbert V. Levin 한국식품영양과학회 2002 Journal of medicinal food Vol.5 No.1
Tagatose, a low-calorie, full-bulk natural sugar, has just attained GRAS (Generally RecognizedAs Safe) status under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, thereby permit-ting its use as a sweetener in foods and beverages. This paper presents all current aspects oftagatose with respect to demonstrated food and beverage applications and the potential healthand medical benefits of this unique substance. Summarized studies are referenced to detailedpeer-reviewed papers. The safety studies followed the recommendations in the FDA “ RedBook.” Results were submitted to an Expert Panel for determination of GRAS status underFDA regulation. Small phase 2 clinical trials showed tagatose to be effective in treating type2 diabetes. The results, buttressed by the references cited, support the efficacy of the variousapplications disclosed for tagatose. Tagatose has been found to be safe and efficacious for useas a low-calorie, full-bulk swetener in a wide variety of foods, beverages, health foods, anddietary suplements. It fills broad, heretofore unmet neds for a low-calorie sweetener in prod-ucts in which the bulk of sugar is important, such as chocolates, chewing gum, cakes, ice cream,and frosted cereals. Its synergism with high-intensity sweeteners also makes it useful in so-das. Various health and medical benefits are indicated, including the treatment of type 2 dia-betes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia and the improvement of fetal development.23
Gilbert Foo,M. F. Rahman 전력전자학회 2009 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.9 No.4
This paper proposes a new speed sensorless direct torque and flux controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive. Closed-loop control of both the torque and stator flux linkage are achieved by using two proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The reference voltage vectors are generated by a SVM unit. The drive uses an adaptive sliding mode observer for joint stator flux and rotor speed estimation. Global asymptotic stability of the observer is achieved via Lyapunov analysis. At low speeds, the observer is combined with the high frequency signal injection technique for stable operation down to standstill. Hence, the sensorless drive is capable of exhibiting high dynamic and steady-state performances over a wide speed range. The operating range of the direct torque and flux controlled (DTFC) drive is extended into the high speed region by incorporating field weakening. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Role of Northeast Asian Cities in a Global Urban Network
Gilbert Rozman 한국지역학회 1999 지역연구 Vol.15 No.2
This paper identifies five factors that limited urban network formation in Northeast Asia over the past half millennium, questions the extent to which they are being overcome in the 1990s, and sketches a new network of cities that could boost regionalism. It briefly traces the historical evolution of these factors, including comparisons with European integration, while focusing primarily on the policies of the 1990s that have affected their continuing role. First is the factor of closed national markets with weak regional integration. Second is the preeminence of administrative means of integration over commercial ones. Third is the character of localism, shackled by overcentralization and weak cross-border linkages. Fourth is the limited nature of internationalism, dominated by state catch-up policies with one-sided global involvement. Fifth is a lack of regional consciousness. Just as national urban integration was essential for regional networks to form, without regional integration it is difficult to contemplate Northeast Asian cities taking their rightful place in a global urban network. After noting the failures of the 1990s, the paper points to the potential role as dragon`s heads for sub-regional urban networks of potential front-line cities: Tumen, Sapporo, Irkutsk, and what I call the Amur triangle . Also of interest are how the capitals of Beijing, Moscow, Seoul, and Tokyo will adjust to a transformed urban network. After all, their current skepticism must be overcome with a program that links the benefits on all sides in order to build trust in regionalism. This requires internationalism and symbols of a balanced approach to each country`s needs.
Gilbert Rozman 한국학술연구원 2007 Korea Observer Vol.38 No.2
Northeast Asia reached a crossroads in 2005. Revisionism intensified with Japan’s assertive and insensitive handling of its historical legacy, as South Korea and China contem-plated revisionist moves of their own. Their conflicting strategies for regionalism were tested in preparations for the first East Asian Summit, as China took the lead in pressing for faster integration while Japan grew more wary of its apparent interest in gaining dominance and South Korea narrowed its focus. As the Six-Party Talks faced a turning point, Seoul’s rush to accelerate inter-Korean inte-gration clashed with other notions of reunification, espe-cially with Tokyo’s priority on abductions and the efforts by Washington and Beijing to narrow their distance on dealing with the nuclear weapons and materials in the North. On all sides, there was a shortage of realist measures to prioritize stability. Each side’s ideological inclinations compounded the emotional responses of public opinion, and the situation in 2006 was slow to improve until Chinese overtures to Ja-pan and the North Korean nuclear test laid the foundation for new responses. In 2007 the balance of priorities across the region remains in doubt.