중국법 하에서 신용장거래의 준거법 결정에 관한 고찰

박미봉(Mei feng Piao),곡지(Zhi Qu),한재필(Jae phil Hahn) 한국국제상학회 2014 國際商學 Vol.29 No.4

2004년 이후 중국은 한국의 최대 교역상대국으로 자리매김하였다. 한중 양국간의 무역규모의 증가는 필연적으로 분쟁가능성의 증가로 이어지게 되는데 신용장과 관련한 분쟁도 증가되는 분쟁 중 하나로서 예외가 아니다. 중국은 과거의 사회주의 계획경제 체제로부터 현재의 시장경제체제로 전환하였기 때문에 섭외민사ㆍ상사사건 관련 규정들은 대부분 계획경제 체제하에서 입법된 것이거나 계획경제에서 시장경제로 전환하는 단계에 입법된 것이다. 당시 입법된 법률들은 계획경제 체제의 특징이 그대로 남아 있어 사법실무는 과거 계획 경제 체제의 사고방식으로부터 크게 벗어나지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 중국 사회체제의 특이성은 법체제에도 그대로 영향을 미쳐 신용장관련 법체계뿐만 아니라 사법실무에도 문제점들이 존재하지만 이런 문제점과 차이점에 대한 연구는 활발하지 않다. 이에 본 논문은 중국 신용장 준거법 결정에 관한 법원(法源)과 실제 준거법 결정 판례들을 분석, 시사점을 제공하여 중국과의 신용장거래에 대한 법적 안정성을 도모하는 것이 본고의 목적이다. Purpose : The purpose of this article is to provide practical implications for international traders and bankers in utilizing a letter of credit in international commercial contracts with Chinese partners, by providing in-depth analysis on Chinese courts' way of determining the governing law on the letter of credit under the Chinese Private International Law. Research design, data, methodology : This paper takes literature research as the research methodology. It analyzes relevant academic articles, Chinese laws and Chinese court cases to evaluate the Chinese courts' decision in determining the governing law on the letter of credit. Results : It is found that the determination of the governing law for the contract between the issuing bank and the beneficiary in the letter of credit under Chinese law is different from other countries' decision, as the law of the beneficiary, rather than the issuing bank, is determined as the governing law. Conclusions : Although the Chinese Private International Law adopts "the closest connection theory" to determine the governing law, the fact that the different decision, comparing the EU and South Korea which utilize the same approach, is made by the Chinese court calls for the attention.

Electroacupuncture Improves Insulin Resistance by Reducing Neuroprotein Y/ Agouti-Related Protein Levels and Inhibiting Expression of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Diet-induced Obese Rats

Xia Liu,Jun-Feng He,Ya-Ting Qu,Zhi-Jun Liu,Qing-Yang Pu,Shengtong Guo,Jia Du,Peng-Fei Jiang 사단법인약침학회 2016 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.9 No.2

Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on obesity, but the mechanism is unclear. This study investigated the effects of EA on diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Fifty male SpragueeDawley rats were randomly divided into low-fat diet (LFD, 10 rats) and high-fat diet (HFD, 40 rats) groups. After the DIO models had been established, successful model rats were randomly divided into HFD, EA, and orlistat (OLST) groups. The EA group received EA at Zusanli (ST36) and Quchi (LI11) for 20 minutes once per day for 28 days. The OLST group was treated with orlistat by gavage. The body weight, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, adipocyte diameters, and neuroprotein Y/agouti-related protein and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B levels were significantly lower in the EA group than in the HFD group. The rats of the OLST group showed watery stools and yellow hairs whereas those of the EA group had regular stools and sleek coats. The effect of EA on weight loss may be related to improved insulin resistance caused by changes in the adipocyte size and by reductions in the expressions of neuroprotein Y/agouti-related protein and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. This study indicates that EA may be a better method of alternative therapy for treating obesity and other metabolic diseases.

Optomizing Transfection Efficiency of Cervical Cancer Cells Transfected by Cationic Liposomes Lipofectamine^TM2000

Huang, Fei,Zhao, Feng,Liang, Li-Ping,Zhou, Mei,Qu, Zhi-Ling,Cao, Yan-Zhen,Lin, Chen Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.17

Background: Currently, cationic liposome has become the commonly used vehicles for gene transfection. Furthermore, one of the most significant steps in microRNAs expression studies is transferring microRNAs into cell cultures successfully. In this study we aim to approach the feasibility of transfection of cervical cancer cell lines mediated by liposome and to obtain the optimized transfection condition for cervical cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: $Lipofectamine^{TM}2000$ as the carrier, miR-101 mimic was transfected into Hela cells and Siha cells. Using green fluorescent protein as reporter gene, to set different groups according to cell seeding density, the amount of miRNA, miRNA and the proportion of Liposomes, Whether to add serum into medium to study their impact on the liposomal transfection efficiency. Finally, MTT assay was used to analyze the relative minimal cell toxicity of liposome reagents. Results: The seeding density of Hela cell line and Siha are $1.5{\times}10^4$ (per well of 24 well plates), miRNA amount is 1ul of both, the ratio of miRNA and liposome is 1:0.5 of Hela cell line; 1:0.7 of Siha cell line respectively, after 24 hours we can get the highest transfection efficiency. Compared with serum medium, only Siha cells cultured with serum-free medium obtained higher transfection efficiency before transfection (P<0.01). MTT assay showed that according to the above conditions which has the lowest cytotoxicity. Conclusions: The method of Liposome to transfected is a suitable way and it can be an efficient reagent for miRNA delivery for Hela cells and Siha cells in vitro. It may serve as a reference for the further research or application.

Distinctions Between Clinicopathological Factors and Prognosis of Alpha-fetoprotein Negative and Positive Hepatocelluar Carcinoma Patients

Xu, Jia,Liu, Chang,Zhou, Lei,Tian, Feng,Tai, Ming-Hui,Wei, Ji-Chao,Qu, Kai,Meng, Fan-Di,Zhang, Ling-Qiang,Wang, Zhi-Xin,Zhang, Jing-Yao,Chang, Hu-Lin,Liu, Si-Nan,Xu, Xin-Shen,Song, Yan-Zhou,Liu, Jun,Z Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.2

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a significant marker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, some proportion of liver cancer patients are AFP-negative (AFP ${\leq}$20ng/ml). In order to study the differences between clinicopathological factors and prognosis of alpha-fetoprotein negative and positive patients, a total of 114 cases (41 AFP-negative and 73 AFP-positive) were selected for our research. By systematically statistical analysis, the results demonstrated that compared with AFP-negative patients, AFP-positive examples were more likely to feature cirrhosis nodules, non-complete neoplasm capsules, and a poor Edmondson-steiner grade. Furthermore, AFP-negative patients demonstrated a favorable long-term prognosis. By univariate analysis and multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards model, multiple tumors were found to be independent risk factors for worse survival of AFP negative patients; however, less tumor-free margins, multiple tumors and Edmondson-steiner grades III/IV, proved to be independent risk factors leading to a poor prognosis of AFP positive cases. Finally, we can infer that high levels of AFP signify a highly malignant tumor and unfavorable prognosis.

Therapeutic Regimens and Prognostic Factors of Brain Metastatic Cancers

Song, Wen-Guang,Wang, Yi-Feng,Wang, Rui-Lin,Qu, Yin-E,Zhang, Zhi,Li, Guo-Zhong,Xiao, Ying,Fang, Fang,Chen, Hong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.2

Objective: This work aims to investigate the therapeutic regimen of brain metastatic cancers and the relationship between clinical features and prognosis. Methods: Clinical data of 184 patients with brain metastatic cancers were collected and analysed for the relationship between survival time and age, gender, primary diseases, quantity of brain metastatic foci, their position, extra cranial lesions, and therapeutic regimens. Results: The average age of onset was 59.1 years old. The median survival time (MST) was 15.0 months, and the patients with breast cancer as the primary disease had the longest survival time. Females had a longer survival time than males. Patients with meningeal metastasis had extremely short survival time. Those with less than 3 brain metastatic foci survived longer than patients with more than 3. The MST of patients receiving radiotherapy only and the patients receiving chemotherapy only were all 10.0 months while the MST of patients receiving combination therapy was 16.0 months. Multiple COX regression analysis demonstrated that gender, primary diseases, and quantity of brain metastatic foci were independent prognostic factors for brain metastatic cancers. Conclusions: Chemotherapy is as important as radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastatic cancer. Combination therapy is the best treatment mode. Male gender, brain metastatic cancers originating in the gastrointestinal tract, more than 3 metastatic foci, and involvement of meninges indicate a worse prognosis.

Inhibition of RIPK1-dependent regulated acinar cell necrosis provides protection against acute pancreatitis via the RIPK1/NF- κB/AQP8 pathway

Gang Wang,Peng-yu Duan,Yuan Ma,Xi-na Li,Feng-zhi Qu,Liang Ji,Xiao-yu Guo,Wang-jun Zhang,Fan Xiao,Le Li,Ji-sheng Hu,Bei Sun 생화학분자생물학회 2019 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.51 No.-

Currently, preliminary results have confirmed the existence of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-dependent necroptosis of pancreatic acinar cells during early acute pancreatitis (AP), which might be a potential target for the effective regulation of necroinflammatory injury. However, the exact effect of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent regulated acinar cell necrosis on AP is still uncertain. In our study, we first explored the changes in the degree of local and systemic inflammation in AP rats when the activation of acinar cell RIPK1 was inhibited. The RIPK1 inhibitor Nec-1 was used to treat rats, and the levels of related inflammatory markers, necrosis indicators and apoptotic indicators were measured. Changes in pancreatic nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) expression were noted. Next, the expression of AQP8 in AR42J cells was inhibited, and the degree of cell necrosis and inflammatory damage was found to be significantly reduced. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the RIPK1/NF-ĸB/AQP8 axis might be a potential regulatory pathway mediating RIPK1-dependent regulated acinar cell necrosis in early AP. Finally, we used the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and Nec-1 to treat rats in different groups and measured the degree of pathological pancreatic injury, the activation of RIPK1, and the expression of NF-κB and AQP8. In summary, we hypothesized that there might be a RIPK1/NF-ĸB/AQP8 pathway controlling RIPK1-dependent regulated necrosis of acinar cells in AP, which might be a promising therapeutic target against AP-related injury.