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Khanam, Farhana,Sheikh, Alaullah,Sayeed, Md. Abu,Bhuiyan, Md. Saruar,Choudhury, Feroza Kaneez,Salma, Umme,Pervin, Shahnaz,Sultana, Tania,Ahmed, Dilruba,Goswami, Doli,Hossain, Md. Lokman,Mamun, K. Z.,C Public Library of Science 2013 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.7 No.7
<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Rapid and reliable diagnostic assays for enteric (typhoid and paratyphoid) fever are urgently needed. We report the characterization of novel approach utilizing lymphocyte secretions, for diagnosing patients with enteric fever by the TPTest procedure.</P><P><B>Methodology</B></P><P>TPTest detects <I>Salmonella</I>-specific IgA responses in lymphocyte culture supernatant. We utilized TPTest in patients with suspected enteric fever, patients with other illnesses, and healthy controls. We also evaluated simplified modifications of TPTest for adaptation in laboratories with limited facilities and equipment.</P><P><B>Principal Findings</B></P><P>TPTest was positive in 39 (27 typhoid and 12 paratyphoid A) patients confirmed by blood culture and was negative in 74 healthy individuals. Among 32 individuals with other illnesses, 29 were negative by TPTest. Of 204 individuals with suspected enteric fever who were negative by blood culture, 44 were positive by TPTest and the patients were clinically indistinguishable from patients with confirmed bacteremia, except they were more likely to be under 5 years of age. We evaluated simplifications in TPTest, including showing that lymphocytes could be recovered using lysis buffer or buffy coat method as opposed to centrifugation, that incubation of cells at 37°C did not require supplemental CO<SUB>2</SUB>, and that results were available for majority of samples within 24 hours. Positive results by TPTest are transient and revert to negative during convalescence, supporting use of the test in endemic areas. The results can also be read using immunodot blot approach as opposed to ELISA. Since no true gold standard currently exists, we used a number of definitions of true positives and negatives. TPTest had sensitivity of 100% compared to blood culture, and specificity that ranged from 78–97% (73–100, 95% CI), depending on definition of true negative.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>The TPTest is useful for identification of patients with enteric fever in an endemic area, and additional development of simplified TPTest is warranted.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P><I>Salmonella enterica</I> serotype Typhi and Paratyphi A are responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fever respectively and the disease caused is known generally as enteric fever. Appropriate and early diagnosis of the disease is important for initiation of treatment of the patient with a suitable antibiotic. The performance of the available diagnostic methods take time and as well as have low sensitivity and specificity. We describe here an immunodiagnostic assay, the TPTest, which is based on the use of secretions of antibodies from peripheral blood lymphocytes. We describe simplifications of the procedure and show that the assay has as a sensitivity of 100% with a specificity that ranges from 78–97% (73–100, 95% CI) for detecting patients with typhoid and paratyphoid fever in an enteric fever endemic zone. The TPTest uses a small blood volume, and reverts to negative by convalescence, supporting its further development as a relatively low cost assay to diagnose patients with enteric fever in endemic zones.</P></▼2>
A Scalable Data Integrity Mechanism Based on Provable Data Possession and JARs
( Faheem Zafar ),( Abid Khan ),( Mansoor Ahmed ),( Majid Iqbal Khan ),( Farhana Jabeen ),( Zara Hamid ),( Naveed Ahmed ),( Faisal Bashir ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.6
Cloud storage as a service provides high scalability and availability as per need of user, without large investment on infrastructure. However, data security risks, such as confidentiality, privacy, and integrity of the outsourced data are associated with the cloud-computing model. Over the year`s techniques such as, remote data checking (RDC), data integrity protection (DIP), provable data possession (PDP), proof of storage (POS), and proof of retrievability (POR) have been devised to frequently and securely check the integrity of outsourced data. In this paper, we improve the efficiency of PDP scheme, in terms of computation, storage, and communication cost for large data archives. By utilizing the capabilities of JAR and ZIP technology, the cost of searching the metadata in proof generation process is reduced from O(n) to O(1). Moreover, due to direct access to metadata, disk I/O cost is reduced and resulting in 50 to 60 time faster proof generation for large datasets. Furthermore, our proposed scheme achieved 50% reduction in storage size of data and respective metadata that result in providing storage and communication efficiency.
Chowdhury Mohammad Ziaul Islam,Rahman Meshbahur,Akter Tanjila,Akhter Tania,Ahmed Arifa,Shovon Minhajul Arifin,Farhana Zaki,Chowdhury Nashit,Turin Tanvir C. 대한고혈압학회 2020 Clinical Hypertension Vol.26 No.3
Background: Hypertension, itself being a major chronic condition, is one of the most significant risk factors for premature cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Hypertension is responsible for 13% of global deaths and threequarters of the world’s hypertensive population reside in low- and middle-income countries. Bangladesh is one of those countries that experiencing an epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases, a nutritional transition from a traditional diet to process and fast food, and an increase in a sedentary lifestyle, resulting in increased hypertension prevalence. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify existing research on hypertension prevalence in Bangladesh, summarize findings and assess its temporal change. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed and relevant references to identify studies on the prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh. We used Random-effects meta-analysis to pool the prevalence estimates and performed subgroup analyses. We assessed heterogeneity, a trend in prevalence of hypertension and publication bias in selected studies. Results: Our search initially identified 735 articles and after removing duplicates, reviewing titles and abstracts, and screening full texts, 53 studies were finally selected. The studies comprised 305,432 subjects and reported overall, gender-specific, geographical location specific and criteria specific prevalence of hypertension. We identified the range of hypertension prevalence is from 1.10% to 75.0% and the overall weighted pooled prevalence of hypertension is 20.0%. An extremely high heterogeneity (I2 = 99.53%; Cochran Q-statistic p < 0.001) was observed in the prevalence of hypertension. Consequently, we performed subgroup analysis based on gender, age group and geographical location of the study participants, the cut-off level used to define hypertension, and the types of hypertension reported and presented our findings accordingly. An overall increasing trend of hypertension prevalence is also observed. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension is high and rising in Bangladesh. Strategies targeting prevention are required to mitigate a further increase in the prevalence and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with it.