Anatomical Characteristics and Air-dry Density of Young Trees of Teak Clones Planted in Indonesia¹

Fanny Hidayati,Futoshi Ishiguri,Sri Nugroho Marsoem 한국목재공학회 2017 목재공학 Vol.45 No.4

The objectives of this study are to obtain the basic knowledge of anatomical characteristics and wood proper-ties of thinning trees of young teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) for fulfill the timber demand in Indonesia. Nine thin-ning trees of 5-year-old teak clone trees were used for analyzing the cell morphology and air-dry density. Vessel diameters in pore and outer pore zones were 165 and 90 μm, respectively. Mean value of fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, and fiber length in outer pore zone were 14.6 μm, 2.07 μm, and 1.04 mm, respectively. In addition, mean value of air-dry density was 0.55 g/cm³. The measurement and values of vessel diameter, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, fiber length and air-dry density in the experimental had lower than those in the older teak. Therefore, it could be suggested that the wood from thinning young teaks was not appropriate as construction material, but it could be used for furniture which do not need high of strength properties. Furthermore, since the measurements values of anatomical characteristics were still increasing from pith to bark, it could be suggested that 5-year-old teak clones are still in a juvenile phase. Positively significant correlations were found between air-dry density and cell wall thickness, indicating that cell wall thickness is strongly correlated with wood density of teak.

Variation in Tree Growth Characteristics, Pilodyn Penetration, and Stress-wave Velocity in 65 Families of Acacia mangium Trees Planted in Indonesia

( Fanny HIDAYATI ),( Ganis LUKMANDARU ),( Sapto INDRIOKO ),( Sri SUNARTI ),( Arif NIRSATMANTO ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.5

Growth characteristics [stem diameter (D), tree height (H)] and wood properties [Pilodyn penetration (P) and stress-wave velocity (SWV)] were measured for 65 families of 6-year-old Acacia mangium trees planted in Indonesia, in order to characterize their variation in D, H, P, and SWV. Therefore, the correlations between the measured characteristics were also determined, and their significant differences observed. Furthermore, their low to moderate values of narrow-sense heritability was obtained, and the results indicated the characteristics to be genetically controlled in A. mangium. In addition, highly significant positive correlations were observed among the growth characteristics, suggesting a close relationship, while there was no significant association between the growth characteristics and P, as well as SWV, indicating their independent. Therefore, these results demonstrate a potential for the improvement of both growth and wood properties of A. mangium trees, using the appropriate breeding programs. In addition, 18 families showed good performance in D and SWV, signifying their positive prospect of being considered as plus trees for the next generation breeding cycles.

Selection of dipterocarp species for enrichment planting in a secondary tropical rainforest

Widiyatno,Fanny Hidayati,Suryo Hardiwinoto,Sapto INDRIOKO,Susilo Purnomo,Jatmoko,Naoki Tani,Mohammad Naiem 한국산림과학회 2020 Forest Science And Technology Vol.16 No.4

The selection of species for enrichment planting that involves native species in a secondary lowland dipterocarps forest as one of the tropical rainforest types should be conducted to maintain the sustainable management of tropical rainforests. The research of species trial of dipterocarp species was planted under a randomized complete block design with four repli�cations. The following parameters were examined: survival rate, diameter breast height (DBH), pilodyn penetration (PP), and stress wave velocity (SWV). The survival rate (F ¼ 1.72; p ¼ 0.047), DBH (F ¼ 6.67, p < 0.0001), and pilodyn penetration (F ¼ 14.19; p < 0.001) signifi�cantly differed at 12.5 years after planting. The survival rate of Shorea leprosula was the high�est (85%) of all the species, and the survival rate of other species, namely, S. macrophylla, S. ovalis, S. johorensis, S. scaberima, and S. parvifolia, was more than 70%. The best growth of DBH parameter was observed in S. platyclados. The DBH growth of S. platyclados 12.5 years after planting were 27.62 cm (mean annual diameter increment [MADI]¼ 2.2 cm/year). The species whose growth in DBH was similar to those of S. platyclados were S. leprosula, S. parvivolia, and S. ovalis. However, stress wave velocity (SWV) was not significantly different among dipterocarp species (F ¼ 1.26; p ¼ 0.234). Pilodyn penetration (PP) was significantly correlated with DBH (Pearson’s correlations ¼ 0.306; p < 0.001), whereas stress wave velocity was not significantly correlated with DBH and PP (p > 0.05), and their Pearson’s correlations were 0.043 and 0.012, respectively. These results suggested that each dipterocarp species varied in terms of their growth and wood properties. Thus, choosing the species for enrich�ment planting in secondary tropical rainforests depends on the characteristics of each spe�cies and the desired final product of forest management.

Impact of thinning and pruning on tree growth, stress wave velocity, and pilodyn penetration response of clonal teak (Tectona grandis) plantation

Gama Widya Seta,Widiyatno,Fanny Hidayati,Mohammad Naiem 한국산림과학회 2021 Forest Science And Technology Vol.17 No.2

The objective of this research was to examine the impact of different thinning and pruning intensities on the growth characteristics and wood properties of clonal teak. A 14-year-old clonal teak plantation was used in the study. The first thinning and pruning were established 5 years after planting. Three different levels of thinning (un-thinned, moderate, and heavy) and pruning (low, medium, high) were tested. Growth characteristics, pilodyn penetration, and stress wave velocity were examined. Results showed that different thinning intensities significantly affected the mean annual diameter increment (F = 37.67; p < 0.01). The standing stock estimations of the thinning intensity regimes also significantly differed between different thinning intensities (F = 4.16; p = 0.035). Moreover, pilodyn penetration significantly varied with the thinning treatment (F = 23.53; p < 0.01). The stress wave velocity, however, did not significantly vary with the thinning treatment (F = 2.54; p = 0.11). Meanwhile, the effect of pruning treatment was not observed under all parameters. Heavy thinning treatment promoted all parameters except height and stress wave velocity. A strong positive correlation was observed between pilodyn penetration and DBH. This result suggested that thinning and pruning promoted positive DBH growth and an increase in the economic value of the stand, but it did not affect the wood properties of clonal teak wood.

Evaluation of Genetic Parameters of Growth Characteristics and Basic Density of Eucalyptus pellita Clones Planted at Two Different Sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Alfia Dewi FADWATI,Fanny Hidayati,Mohammad Naiem 한국목재공학회 2023 목재공학 Vol.51 No.3

Eucalyptus pellita is one of the fast-growing tree species and has become predominant in Indonesian forest plantations. Meanwhile, tree breeding programs with clone development are the best way to provide greater genetic advantages. A better understanding of genetic control on growth and basic density in E. pellita is important for increasing wood productivity and quality. In this study, growth characteristics (tree height, diameter, and volume), basic density and its genetic parameters (heritability, genetic gain and genetic correlation) were determined. The number of clones tested in both trials was 50, divided into 5 blocks, and 5 trees/plot. The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and basic density among clones. There was an interaction between genetics and the environment further indicating the existence of unstable clones. The high heritability was found in tree height (0.82–0.86), diameter (0.82–0.90), and basic density (0.91–0.93). This implies that E. pellita has good opportunities for genetic improvement to increase wood productivity and quality. In addition, the results of genetic correlations among growth characteristics (height, diameter, and volume) and basic density showed positive moderate to highly significant value. It is suggested that these characters may be used to the advantage of the breeder for bringing improvement in these traits simultaneously. Therefore, this study provides important information of the genetic improvement of wood quality in E. pellita in Indonesia.

Wood Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clonal Teak (Tectona grandis) Stands Under Different Thinning and Pruning Intensity Levels Planted in Java, Indonesia

( Gama Widya Seta ),( Fanny Hidayati ),( Widiyatno ),( Mohammad Na’iem ) 한국목재공학회 2023 목재공학 Vol.51 No.2

The objective of this study was to reveal the impact of thinning and pruning regimes on the physical and mechanical properties of clonal teak wood planted in Java. In this study, a 15-year-old clonal teak plantation was carried out and the obtained data were evaluated with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that different thinning intensities had a significant impact on the alteration of heartwood volume development (F = 25.63; p < 0.0001). Meanwhile, the impact of different thinning treatments in several physical properties depends on the pruning treatment levels [moisture content (F = 12.18, p < 0.0001); tangential shrinkage (F = 15.60, p < 0.0001); T/R ratio (F = 7.17, p < 0.0001); and volumetric shrinkage (F = 10.81, p < 0.0001)]. However, different thinning intensities had no significant impact on wood basic density alteration (F = 0.72, p = 0.486), while pruning intensities affect the differences between radial (F = 3.52, p = 0.030) and volumetric shrinkage (F = 3.13, p = 0.044). In mechanical properties, thinning intensity levels did not promote any significant differences [modulus of elasticity (F = 1.41, p = 0.248); modulus of rupture (F = 0.94, p = 0.392); compressive strength parallel to grain (F = 0.21, p = 0.813); and compressive strength perpendicular to the grain (F = 0.41, p = 0.669)]. Meanwhile, different pruning treatments and combination treatments were not significantly altered all mechanical properties. These results indicated that the thinning and pruning regimes can enhance the mechanical properties without having a serious alteration in the physical properties of clonal teak wood.

Variations in Growth Characteristics and Stress-wave Velocities of Zelkova serrata Trees from Eight Half-sib Families Planted in Three Different Initial Spacings

Prasetyo, Agung,Endo, Ryota,Takashima, Yuya,Aiso, Haruna,Hidayati, Fanny,Tanabe, Jun,Ishiguri, Futoshi,Iizuka, Kazuya,Yokota, Shinso Institute of Forest Science 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.3

Zelkova serrata is an important hardwood species for the timber industry in Japan. Tree breeding programs for this species have mainly focused on growth characteristics such as stem diameter (D), tree height (TH), stem form, and branching. In order to fulfill timber industry needs, wood quality improvement should be included in the tree breeding program of this species. In the present study, growth characteristics, such as D and TH, and the stress-wave velocity (SWV), which is highly correlated with Young's modulus of wood, were measured for 20-year-old Z. serrata from eight half-sib families planted in a progeny test site with three different initial spacings. Significant differences in all the measured characteristics were found among the eight half-sib families. The variance components of the half-sib families for D, TH, and SWV were 27.2%, 47.3%, and 33.5%, respectively. These results indicate that all the measured characteristics of this species could be improved by tree breeding programs. In addition, only low correlation coefficients were obtained between the growth characteristics and SWV, indicating that extensive selection on SWV in tree breeding programs may not always lead to a reduction in yield volume.

Variations in Growth Characteristics and Stress-wave Velocities of Zelkova serrata Trees from Eight Half-sib Families Planted in Three Different Initial Spacings

Agung Prasetyo,Ryota Endo,Yuya Takashima,Haruna Aiso,Fanny Hidayati,Jun Tanabe,Futoshi Ishiguri,Kazuya Iizuka,Shinso Yokota 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.3

Zelkova serrata is an important hardwood species for the timber industry in Japan. Tree breeding programs for this species have mainly focused on growth characteristics such as stem diameter (D), tree height (TH), stem form, and branching. In order to fulfill timber industry needs, wood quality improvement should be included in the tree breeding program of this species. In the present study, growth characteristics, such as D and TH, and the stress- wave velocity (SWV), which is highly correlated with Young’s modulus of wood, were measured for 20-year-old Z. serrata from eight half-sib families planted in a progeny test site with three different initial spacings. Significant differences in all the measured characteristics were found among the eight half-sib families. The variance components of the half-sib families for D, TH, and SWV were 27.2%, 47.3%, and 33.5%, respectively. These results indicate that all the measured characteristics of this species could be improved by tree breeding programs. In addition, only low correlation coefficients were obtained between the growth characteristics and SWV, indicating that extensive selection on SWV in tree breeding programs may not always lead to a reduction in yield volume.

Effect of Improved Planting Stock on Tree Growth, Wood Properties, and Soil Fertility of Teak Plantations 10 Years After Planting

Widiyatno,Aris Wibowo,Dian Novitasari,Gama Widya Seta,Daryono Prehaten,Fanny Hidayati,Widyanto Dwi Nugroho,Suryo Hardiwinoto,Mohammad Naiem,Naoki Tani 한국산림과학회 2024 Forest Science And Technology Vol.20 No.1

Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) is one of the most economically valuable types of tropical forest because teak wood has high durability, resilience and good aesthetic qualities. Teak tree improvement in Indonesia was initiated in 1983 producing planting stock for reforestation, i.e. clonal seed orchards (CSO) to produce seedling as sexual reproduction (referred to seedling), and hedge orchards to produce shoot cuttings as asexual (vegetative) reproductive (referred to shoot cuttings). Teak plantations established using seedling and shoot cuttings should improve forest productivity. The objectives of this study were to compare the growth rate, wood properties, and soil fertility of teak plantations propagated using seedling and shoot cuttings. Three square plots of 100 trees (10�10 trees; 1,000 m2) were established on both types of plantation and tree growth characteristics, wood properties, and soil fertility were monitored. The tree growth characteristics were diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), clear bole height (CB), and volume of standing stock (Vss), and the wood properties included pilodyn penetration (PP) and stress wave velocity (SWV). Soil fertility was assessed from soil samples collected from three soil depths, with three replicates in each plot: 0–5 cm (top layer), 6–30 cm (middle layer), and 31–60 cm (bottom layer). Soil samples were analysed for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total calcium, and total magnesium. The results showed that the mean DBH, H, CB, and Vss differed significantly between the type of planting stock. The DBH, H, CB, and Vss values were 28.4%, 46.8%, 49.1%, and 130.1% higher, respectively, in teak plantations from shoot cuttings than from seedling. Moreover, the SWV of shoot cuttings planting stock plantation was 3.6% higher than from seedling. The mean PP did not differ significantly between teak plantations from shoot cuttings (22.00 mm) and seedling (21.80 mm). Furthermore, the planting stock did not affect soil fertility, which was highest in the top layer in all treatments. Our results suggest that teak plantations from shoot cuttings would increase growth, forest productivity, maintaining wood quality and soil fertility. Thus, it can maintain sustainable teak forest plantations.