Lexico-Syntactic Structures of Spatial Expressions

Eugene Chung 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어정보 Vol.26 No.-

Eugene Chung. 2018. Lexico-Syntactic Structures of Spatial Expressions. Language Information, Volume 26. 79-102. This work aims to model a lexico-syntactic structure for various spatial configurations. In English, spatial expressions are similar to transitive verbs in the pattern where prepositions take arguments to describe spatial relationships. The meaning expressed by a spatial preposition indicates how its arguments physically relate to each other in space. The spatial preposition has two arguments, a Figure and a Ground. This study adapts Pustejovsky's (1991, 1995) argument structure and co-composition from the Generative Lexicon Theory in order to represent multiple configurations. Various features are employed to describe spatial relations and spatial entities. Arrangement features and physical relationship features are for spatial relations. Region features, dimensionality, and orientation features are utilized to provide fine-grained specification of spatial entities. The values for arrangements are CONTACT, ADJACENCY, OVERLAP, INCLUSION, SURROUNDING. Region feature takes one of SURFACE, BOUNDARY, TOP, BOTTOM, INTERIOR, EXTERIOR. For the dimensionality, we have 1DIM, 2DIM, 3DIM values. HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL are the values for the orientation feature. A locus structure is introduced to encode various spatial features that are related with words about spatial entities and spatial relations. A spatial preposition and its arguments construct spatial expressions. They compose phrasal level meanings through co-specification with the locus values in the loci structure. The proposed framework can be utilized to represent the formal rules of encoding spatial expressions.

Influence of Host Foods on Female Reproduction and Aggregation Pheromone Production of Males of Riptortus pedestris

Eugene Lim,Junheon Kim,Chung-GyooPark 한국응용곤충학회 2012 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.05

Male pheromone production and female reproduction of R.pedestris were evaluated on two different kinds of foods; sweet (non-astringent) persimmon and soybean. Male adults fed on soybean produced all the four pheromone components, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, tetradecyl isobutyrate (C14iBu), octadecyl isobutyrate (C18iBu), whereas those fed on sweet persimmon did not produce C14iBu which is a key component in the function of the pheromone, and C18iBu. Female adults fed on soybean produced eggs, however, those fed on sweet persimmon did not at all. From these results, we concluded that host resource greatly affects the chemical communication and reproduction of both male and female of R.pedestris, and that sweet persimmon is not a proper food for its completion of life cycle.

Verification of a Polysemous Spatial Preposition — ON

Eugene Chung 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2014 언어정보 Vol.19 No.-

The meaning expressed by a spatial preposition indicates how its arguments physically relate to each other in space in English. The locations assigned by the spatial preposition on as in ‘We saw a boat on the lake’ and ‘John has a cabin on the lake’ are a surface and a side of the reference objects, respectively. The first example gives us an image that a boat is floating on the lake, but the second causes us to imagine that a cabin is near the edge of the lake. The same prepositional phrase can be used to represent different locations in these examples. Expressions containing prepositional phrases representing spatial relations such as inclusion, contact, or contiguity are prime examples of spatial expressions. This work is concerned with the semantic study of spatial expressions to identify what kinds of spatial relationships are represented via a spatial preposition. In addition, how can the same preposition represent different spatial configurations? Is it a case of ambiguity, or of generality of meaning? To find out answers of these issues, first, this study presents various spatial configurations represented by the same spatial preposition. Two main approaches are devoted to representing spatial prepositions: a monosemy-based approach (Bennett 1975; Cooper 1968; Leech 1969; Lindner 1981; Miller and Johnson-Laird 1976) and a polysemy-based approach (Brugman 1988; Brugman and Lakoff 1988; Hawkins 1984; Herskovits 1986; Vandeloise 1991). Second, this study employs zeugma to verify that different configurations of a spatial preposition have sufficient privileges to belong to a polysemy; or they are simply due to vagueness or indeterminacy. The study presents standard ambiguity tests that are used to confirm if the lexical items are really ambiguous or not; then it describes the way of meaning extension.

A Construction Grammar Approach to Korean Double Accusative Construction

Eugene Chung 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2015 언어정보 Vol.21 No.-

This paper studies Korean double accusative constructions within the frameworks of the Construction Grammar (CxG). We first investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of English double object construction followed by the Korean double accusative examples. Yoon (2015) classifies Korean double accusative construction into six different types based on the characteristics of two noun phrases: double object, inalienable possession, object and accusative marked adverb, object and quantifier/classifier, type-token and modifier-modifiee type. This study adopted Goldberg's construction grammar to analyze Korean double accusative constructions. Goldberg (1995) proposed the central sense of the ditransitive construction is when “the agent successfully causes the recipient to receive the patient.” The verbs Goldberg specifies as arguments to this central sense are verbs of giving, verbs of instantaneous causation and verbs of continuous causation. Because these verb types have substantially different semantics, the central sense needs to be represented into different constructions. Korean double accusative constructions are not limited to the semantic constraints such as transfer of possession. The study shows diverse thematic roles of the arguments are involved in the Korean accusative constructions.

개의 실험적 췌외분비부전에서 단백과 탄수화물의 흡수가 지방 흡수에 미치는 영향

정준표,정재복,박승우,이세준,문병수,송시영,이관식,이상인,문영명,강진경,Eugene, P. Dimagno 대한소화기학회 2002 대한소화기학회지 Vol.40 No.2

목적: 췌외분비부전에 의한 지방변의 치료는 아직 난제로서 이를 해결하기 위해서는 지방 흡수에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝히는 것이 필요하다. 식이가 지방 흡수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 아직 지방, 단백 및 탄수화물 등의 흡수에 있어서 상호 관련성 여부에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 개의 실험적 췌외분비부전에서 지방, 단백 및 탄수화물 등의 흡수가 효소 제제(세균성 리파제, 돼지 췌효소제) 및 용량 의존적인지, 지방 흡수가 단백 및 탄수화물의 흡수와 연관되는지 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 20 ㎏ 내외의 암컷 mongrel 개 5마리를 사용하였고, 주-부췌관을 결찰-분리하여 췌외분비 부전을 유발하였다. 효소제의 제형은 모두 분말을 사용하였으며, 용량은 세균성 리파제와 돼지 췌효소제 각각 7.500, 15,000, 30,000 IU을 사용하여 무순서로 실험하였고, 무치료 대조실험도 시행하였다. 실험식이로는 고지방식이{850 Cal, 지방 43% (80.2 g), 단백질 36% (151.6 g), 탄수화물 21% (98.2 g)}를 사용하였다. 72시간 동안 대변을 수집하여 대변내 지방, 단백 및 탄수화물의 양을 측정하였고, g/24 hr로 환산하였다. 지방, 단백 및 탄수화물의 coefficient of fat absorption (CFA), coefficient of protein absorption (CPA) 및 coefficient of carbohydrate absorption (CCA)을 계산하였으며, 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 통계 처리하였다. 결과: CFA, CPA 및 CCA 모두 췌효소제의 용량 의존적으로 증가하였으며(각각 p<0.001), CFA와 CPA는 돼지 췌효소제가 세균성 리파제보다 더 컸으나(각각 p=0.002 및 p<0.001), CCA는 효소제의 종류와는 무관하였다. CPA가 증가할수록 CFA는 증가하였으며(p<0.001), CCA가 증가하여도 CFA는 증가하였다(p<0.001). 결론: 개의 실험적 췌외분비부전에서 지방, 단백 및 탄수화물의 흡수는 췌효소의 용량 의존적으로 증가하고, 돼지 췌효소제가 세균성 리파제보다 지방 및 단백의 흡수에 유리하며, 단백과 탄수화물의 증가는 지방의 흡수를 증가시킨다. 따라서 단백과 탄수화물의 흡수를 극대화하도록 식이를 조절하면 지방 흡수를 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Background/Aims: Interactions among fat, protein, and carbohydrate absorption may play a role in the treatment of steatorrhea. We determined in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) whether fat, protein, and carbohydrate absorptions are dependent on the pancreatic enzyme preparation (bacterial lipase, BL; porcine lipase, PL) and whether absorption of fat is related to absorptions of protein and carbohydrate. Methods: Five dogs underwent ligation of pancreatic ducts. Then, seventy two-hour fecal balance studies were performed while a high fat meal (fat 43%) was given. Powdered BL or PL was given at doses of 0, 7,500, 15,000, and 30,000 IU. Stool fat, protein, and carbohydrate were measured and coefficients of fat (CFA), protein (CPA), and carbohydrate (CCA) absorptions were calculated. Multiple regression analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: CFA and CPA increased preparation (PL is better than BL) and dose dependently. However, CCA increased dose-dependently but not preparation-dependently. Fat absorption increased as protein and carbohydrate absorption increased (p<0.001). Conclusions: In dogs with EPI fed a high fat diet, porcine pancreatic enzyme increases fat and protein absorption greater than bacterial lipase, and the increase of fat absorption is related to the increase of protein and carbohydrate absorptions.

A Pilot Study of Target Weight Guided Treatment in Acute Heart Failure Using Ultrafiltration or Usual Care: Effect on Sodium Removal

Eugene S. Chung,Thomas M. O’Brien,Santosh Menon,Cheryl Bartone,Wojciech Mazur,Dean J. Kereiakes 대한심장학회 2014 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.44 No.3

Background and Objectives: In the Ultrafiltration versus Intravenous Diuretics for Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure trial, ultrafiltration (UF) removed volume more effectively than usual care (UC). Hypothetically, UF may be superior to UC due to increased sodium (Na) removal and less neurohormonal activation. We compared UF and UC in a randomized pilot trial of target weight guided therapy for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Subjects and Methods: Sixteen patients with ADHF were enrolled and target weights established prospectively, prior to randomization to UC or UF. UF patients did not receive diuretics and UC patients were all treated with a continuous furosemide drip. All urine and ultrafiltrate were collected and Na concentrations measured. Results: Similar volumes were removed in UC and UF groups (110105 mL and 107415 mL, respectively) and the UF group also produced 45325 mL of urine. Na concentration was 138±6 meq/L in the ultrafiltrate, 85±73 meq/L in the UC group’s urine, and 26±23 meq/L in the UF group’s urine. Given the relevant associated volumes, total meq of the Na removed was similar (1168 in UC vs. 1216 in UF). The UF group produced isotonic ultrafiltrate and a higher volume of dilute urine than anticipated. Conclusion: In a randomized pilot study of target weight guided therapy with UC or UF for ADHF, there were no differences in total volumes or Na removed, and lengths of hospital stays were similar. Isotonic fluid loss by UF was accompanied by the production of very dilute urine.

의미범주 지식의 다양성과 보편성

정유진(Chung, Eugene),황유미(Hwang, Yu Mi),홍정하(Hong, Jungha) 담화·인지언어학회 2014 담화와 인지 Vol.21 No.3

This study discusses semantic knowledge and subcategorization of animals for Koreans based on a semantic verbal fluency task. Compared to many previous studies which focused on the number of animals in response or the switches between clusters, we aim to identify diversity and universality of semantic knowledge about animals and to propose subcategories of animals. Instead of using pre-existing semantic categories proposed by previous studies, we argue for Korean specific semantic knowledge and categories of animals based on healthy Korean adults’ semantic knowledge. We evaluated 275 cognitively healthy volunteers, aged 45 to 86 years. An educational average level ± standard deviation for the whole sample is 9.89 ± 4.2 years. As a result of the fluency task, the participants mentioned 193 different types of animals with the number of 4,047. They named an animal with the following order of preferences: ‘a tiger, a dog, a cow, a pig, a chicken, a lion, an elephant, a horse, a duck, a rabbit, a giraffe, etc.’ The top ranked animals among 193 types in naming can be regarded as a “typical” animal among Korean people. With respect to category-based induction, typicality can be a case of a more universal tendency. In order to examine subcategories of animals, we extracted a bigram from the response list. We derived dice distances to measure similarity between two co-occurring items and provided a perceptual map based on multidimensional scaling with statistical methods using R.

지칭어의 성별 편향성에 대한 고찰

정유진 ( Eugene Chung ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.2

이 연구는 성별이 반영되는 영어 지칭어와 성별 중립적 지칭어의 사용과 사회적 의미를 알아보고자 한다. 직업과 역할 관련 지칭어의 조어 특성을 보면, 상당수의 단어가 남성을 기본으로 구성되어 있다. 이와 같이 성별에 민감한 단어 대신에 성별 중립적인 지칭어로 대체하자는 주장이 사회 여러 분야에서 제기되고 있다. 지칭어의 경우 그 단어를 사용함으로써 화자와 청자의 관계가 정립된다. 본고는 『TIME』 잡지를 기반으로 성별이 드러나는 지칭어의 사용 양상을 파악한다. 성별이 드러난 지칭어의 사용 양상을 살펴본 결과, 대체어로 제시되는 단어가 실제 생활에서 활발하게 사용되지 못하고 있었다. 제도적으로는 성별 중립적인 단어를 사용하도록 권고하나, 연구 대상 단어의 40%의 단어들은 여전히 성별 편향성이 드러나는 지칭어가 선호된다. 예를 들어 ‘salesperson’보다 ‘salesman’이 여전히 많이 사용된다. 향후 연구에서는 연구 대상의 수와 품사를 확대하여 전반적인 추이를 알아볼 것이다. This study investigates usage patterns and social meanings for English gender biased and gender neutral reference terms. The characteristics of the reference terms related to occupations and roles can be identified as the word formation. Most of the words end with the suffix ‘-man.’ In many areas of society proposed that gender-biased words should be replaced with gender-neutral words. Reference words establish hierarchical relationships between a speaker and a hearer. This study figures out the usage of gender biased reference terms based on the TIME corpus. As a result, suggesting words are not widely used in our daily lives. Although language policy recommends to use alternatives, 40% of the gender biased reference words are still preferred in the TIME magazine; for example, ‘salesman’ occurs more frequently than ‘salesperson.’ The next study aims to analyze more data by extending the number of the reference words and other parts of speech in future research.

의미범주와 구성원 전형성의 명명 순서 기반 연구

정유진(Chung, Eugene),황유미(Hwang, Yu mi),홍정하(Hong, Jungha) 한국언어학회 2022 언어 Vol.47 No.1

This paper investigates the typicality of category members based on the order mentioned in the naming task. The naming task, also known as controlled oral word association task, is a test in which a speaker names as many words as he or she can. The mentioned words in a certain category are produced in a limited time. The task is used to discover semantic knowledge and semantic fluency. The type and number of category members can vary depending on the individual. This study observes typicality in the category members based on the following factors: the first mentioned word, the characteristics in the sequence of mentioned words, the order of words mentioned in a lesser category, and the most mentioned word. Typicality is different from familiarity in the naming task. The result identifies Koreans think of a dog and a cow as typical members in the animal category; the typical subcategory of an animal is a farm animal. The study suggests a simple and appealing idea about the way people decide the most typical members in a category based on the order of utterance.

성별 명사와 관련어의 의미특성

정유진(Chung, Eugene),강범모(Kang, Beom-mo) 한국언어학회 2015 언어 Vol.40 No.4

This paper aims to study gender concepts described in news articles by examining gender-specific words and their related words. Gender is a socio-cultural component of male and female identity that shapes how a person lives and interprets the world around them. News articles report their lives and the language used in the articles reflects society. A gender-specific word refers to a word relating only to either males or females, such as man, woman, male, female. First, we compared related words from synonymous gender-referring words. Second, we considered antonymous gender-specific words and their related words. Finally, we explored a group of males and females to show general roles portrayed in the news articles for each gender. While inclusive related words show common properties of target words, exclusive related words represent unique properties of the target word. We classified related words with semantic domains distributed by SIL International (Moe 2013). The semantic domains allow us to capture gender roles and status in our society. The newspaper corpus is composed of 2.5 million news articles issued from 2000-2013 and the size is more than 500 million words (Kim et al., 2010). We extracted 100 related words per target word and then compared their relationships by using Pajek (Ver. 4.04). This study shows that men are expected to be interested in fashion and public oriented settings. Compared to men, women tend to be more complex; they are family-oriented, but also they are socially involved.