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Swazi Women and the Human Immuno Virus : To Preserve Swazi Culture or the Nation
Shokahle R. Dlamini Research Institute of Asian Women Sookmyung Women' 2005 Asian Women Vol.21 No.-
Over seventy percent of the 36 million people infected with HIV worldwide are in Sub Saharan Africa. Amongst the Sub Saharan African countries hardest hit by this pandemic, Swaziland, a small patriarchal kingdom located in the South Eastern part of the African continent, has the highest HIV prevalence in the whole world. Of the 36 million, a majority are women and girls. A number of socio-economic factors have been advanced by scholars to explain the high prevalence of HIV infection among females in Africa. These factors are discussed in deeper details in this paper emphasizing their applicability in Swaziland. This paper therefore argues that the key factor that explains clearly the high prevalence of HIV infection among women in Swaziland is culture through the institution of patriarchy. The paper provides insights into understanding in detail the extent to which the minority status of women increases the spread of HIV in Swaziland.
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Menelisi C. Dlamini,Mbongiseni L. Dlamini,Pumza Mente,Boitumelo Tlhaole,Rudolph Erasmus,Manoko S. Maubane-Nkadimeng,John A. Moma 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.111 No.-
A simplistic solvothermal process to fabricate novel amorphous TiO2-BiOBr-Bentonite (A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt)multidimensional photocatalysts in this work is a practical and economically feasible technique for thefabrication of the reported photocatalysts as it is a one-pot process. The stickiness of the A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt wet cake and the low drying temperature make A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt a feasible platform compositefor the fabrication of the photoreactive inner coating of water treatment containers for photocatalytictreatment of drinking water. The A-TiO2-BiOBr-Bt photocatalyst with an A-TiO2:BiOBr:Bt mass ratio of1:1:2 (Ti1Bi1Bt2) displayed the highest BET surface area of 124.8 m2/g, a low bandgap of 2.86 eV, and sufficientlylow electron-hole recombination rate. The high number of A-TiO2-BiOBr p-n heterojunctions,and the Ti-O-Si and Bi-O-Si bonds between A-TiO2-BiOBr and Bt in Ti1Bi1Bt2 lowered its electron-holerecombination rate with enhanced visible light-harvesting ability. Within 70 min of visible light irradiation,150 mg of Ti1Bi1Bt2 gave 100% conversion of 100 mL of 20 ppm phenol with a pseudo-first-order rateconstant of 0.0322 min1 at pH 4.0. Scavenging experiments showed superoxide radicals (O2) and electrons(e) being the most dominant reactive oxidation species (ROS) responsible for the phenol photodegradationprocess while holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) also exerted appreciableparticipation.
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Dlamini Wisdom M. D.,Simelane Sabelo P.,Nhlabatsi Nhlanhla M. 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.2
The first case of COVID-19 in Eswatini was first reported in March 2020, posing an unprecedented challenge to the country’s health and socio-economic systems. Using geographic information system (GIS) data comprising 15 socioeconomic, demographic and environmental variables, we model the spatial variability of COVID-19 transmission risk based on case data for the period under strict lockdown (up to 8th May 2020) and after the lockdown regulations were gradually eased (up to 30th June 2020). We implemented and tested 13 spatial data-driven Bayesian network (BN) learning algorithms to examine the factors that determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 transmission risk. All the BN models performed very well in predicting the COVID-19 cases as evidenced by low log loss (0.705–0.683) and high recall values (0.821–0.836). The tree-augmented naı¨ve (TAN) model outperformed all other BN learning algorithms. The proximity to major health facilities, churches, shopping centres and supermarkets as well as average annual traffic density were the strongest predictors of transmission risk during strict lockdown. After gradual relaxation of the lockdown, the proportion of the youth (15–40 years old) in an area became the strongest predictor of COVID-19 transmission in addition to the proximity to areas where people congregate, excluding churches. The study provides useful insights on the spatio-temporal dynamics of COVID-19 transmission drivers thereby aiding the design of geographically- targeted interventions. The findings also point to the robustness of BN models in spatial predictive modelling and graphically explaining spatial phenomena under uncertainty and with limited data.
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Dlamini Wisdom M. D.,Simelane Sabelo P.,Nhlabatsi Nhlanhla M. 대한공간정보학회 2022 Spatial Information Research Vol.30 No.1
The first case of COVID-19 in Eswatini was first reported in March 2020, posing an unprecedented challenge to the country’s health and socio-economic systems. Using geographic information system (GIS) data comprising 15 socioeconomic, demographic and environmental variables, we model the spatial variability of COVID-19 transmission risk based on case data for the period under strict lockdown (up to 8th May 2020) and after the lockdown regulations were gradually eased (up to 30th June 2020). We implemented and tested 13 spatial data-driven Bayesian network (BN) learning algorithms to examine the factors that determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 transmission risk. All the BN models performed very well in predicting the COVID-19 cases as evidenced by low log loss (0.705–0.683) and high recall values (0.821–0.836). The tree-augmented naı¨ve (TAN) model outperformed all other BN learning algorithms. The proximity to major health facilities, churches, shopping centres and supermarkets as well as average annual traffic density were the strongest predictors of transmission risk during strict lockdown. After gradual relaxation of the lockdown, the proportion of the youth (15–40 years old) in an area became the strongest predictor of COVID-19 transmission in addition to the proximity to areas where people congregate, excluding churches. The study provides useful insights on the spatio-temporal dynamics of COVID-19 transmission drivers thereby aiding the design of geographically- targeted interventions. The findings also point to the robustness of BN models in spatial predictive modelling and graphically explaining spatial phenomena under uncertainty and with limited data.
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Swazi Wonen and the Human Immuno Virus: To Preserve Swazi Culture or the Nation
Dlamini Shokahle R. 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2005 Asian Women Vol.21 No.-
Over seventy percent of the 36 million people infected with HIV worldwide are in Sub Saharan Africa. Amongst the Sub Saharan African countries hardest hit by this pandemic, Swaziland, a small patriarchal kingdom located in the South Eastern part of the African continent, has the highest HIV prevalence in the whole world. Of the 36 million, a majority are women and girls. A number of socio-economic factors have been advanced by scholars to explain the high prevalence of HIV infection among females in Africa. These factors are discussed in deeper details in this paper emphasizing their applicability in Swaziland. This paper therefore argues that the key factor that explains clearly the high prevalence of HIV infection among women in Swaziland is culture through the institution of patriarchy. The paper provides insights into understanding in detail the extent to which the minority status of women increases the spread of HIV in Swaziland.
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Swazi Women's Professionalism : The Power that Lies in Money and in Books, 1920 to 1950
Shokahle R. Dlamini 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2002 Asian Women Vol.15 No.-
A few scholars have raised the issue of status of Swazi women in passing or as a major argument of their studies. Scholars like Hilda Kuper (1947), Brian Marwick (1966), Women and the Law in Southern Africa (1998) and others have emphasized the low status of Swazi women in almost all spheres of life. Using examples of eight life histories this paper paints a different picture of the status of some Swazi women between 1920 and 1950. It argues that due to the firm establishment of education in Swaziland in this period, the social status of some Swazi women was transformed. It shows the central role played by missionaries in the transformation of the Swazi women's status. By so doing, this paper not only revises the structural functionalist framework, which views the status of Swazi women as static, it also contributes to the institutional approach, which most scholars have used to write church history, by adding a human dimension. This is done by relating missionary institutions to some members of the Swazi society, the professional women of the 1940s and 1950s.
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Osteoblastogenesis and osteolysis in the Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rat humerus head
Gcwalisile Frances Dlamini,Robert Ndou 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.4
The endocrinology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its predisposing factors have been studied extensively while its skeletal effects have received negligible research despite this being a global disease. The cellular and molecular association between proximal humeral fractures and T2D has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to study bone cell quantities and immunolabel osteogenic and antiosteogenic cytokines. The study used 12-week-old rats (23 males) consisting of 8 Sprague Dawley (SD) and 15 Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD). Weekly mass measurements were taken while fasting blood glucose levels were recorded every 2 weeks with oral glucose tolerance tests conducted once every 4 weeks. Upon termination at the age of 28 weeks, humeri were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, prior to decalcification in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The bone samples were then processed in ascending grades of alcohol using an automatic processor before embedding in paraffin wax. Sections were cut at 5 μm thickness in a series for Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, and immunohistochemistry was performed with the anti-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP), anti-bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), anti-transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), anti-aged glycation end product (AGE) antibodies in the sequence. ZDSD rats had more adipocytes, BMP3 and AGEs expression with higher numbers of TRAP positive osteocytes and fewer ALP cells although no differences were found in TGFβ1 immunopositivity. We also found that T2D increases the number of AGEs immuno-positive cells, as well as its extracellular expression, thus providing a conducive environment for the interaction of the osteogenic cytokine and its antagonist to suppress osteoblastogenesis. ZDSD groups had higher adipocyte numbers therefore increased marrow adiposity in T2D.
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Estimating survival distributions for two-stage adaptive treatment strategies: A simulation study
Vilakati, Sifiso,Cortese, Giuliana,Dlamini, Thembelihle The Korean Statistical Society 2021 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.28 No.5
Inference following two-stage adaptive designs (also known as two-stage randomization designs) with survival endpoints usually focuses on estimating and comparing survival distributions for the different treatment strategies. The aim is to identify the treatment strategy(ies) that leads to better survival of the patients. The objectives of this study were to assess the performance three commonly cited methods for estimating survival distributions in two-stage randomization designs. We review three non-parametric methods for estimating survival distributions in two-stage adaptive designs and compare their performance using simulation studies. The simulation studies show that the method based on the marginal mean model is badly affected by high censoring rates and response rate. The other two methods which are natural extensions of the Nelson-Aalen estimator and the Kaplan-Meier estimator have similar performance. These two methods yield survival estimates which have less bias and more precise than the marginal mean model even in cases of small sample sizes. The weighted versions of the Nelson-Aalen and the Kaplan-Meier estimators are less affected by high censoring rates and low response rates. The bias of the method based on the marginal mean model increases rapidly with increase in censoring rate compared to the other two methods. We apply the three methods to a leukemia clinical trial dataset and also compare the results.
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