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Imaging Features of Soft-Tissue Calcifications and Related Diseases: A Systematic Approach
Zhen-An Hwang,서경진,Dillon Chen,Wing P. Chan,Jim S. Wu 대한영상의학회 2018 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.19 No.6
Soft-tissue calcification refers to a broad category of lesions. Calcifications are frequently identified by radiologists in daily practice. Using a simple algorithm based on the distribution pattern of the lesions and detailed clinical information, these calcified lesions can be systematically evaluated. The distribution pattern of the calcific deposits enables initial division into calcinosis circumscripta and calcinosis universalis. Using laboratory test results (serum calcium and phosphate levels) and clinical history, calcinosis circumscripta can be further categorized into four subtypes: dystrophic, iatrogenic, metastatic, and idiopathic calcification. This pictorial essay presents a systematic approach to the imaging features of softtissue calcifications and related diseases.
Quantum Packet for the Next Generation Network/ISDN3
Lam, Ray Y. W.,Chan, Henry C. B.,Chen, Hui,Dillon, Tharam S.,Li, Victor O. K.,Leung, Victor C. M. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.3
This paper proposes a novel method for transporting various types of user traffic effectively over the next generation network called integrated services digital network 3 (ISDN3) (or quantum network) using quantum packets. Basically, a quantum packet comprises one or more 53-byte quanta as generated by a "quantumization" process. While connection-oriented traffic is supported by fixed-size quantum packets each with one quantum to emulate circuit switching, connectionless traffic (e.g., IP packets and active packets) is carried by variable-size quantum packets with multiple quanta to support store-and-forward switching/routing. Our aim is to provide frame-like or datagram-like services while enabling cell-based multiplexing. The quantum packet method also establishes a flexible and extensible framework that caters for future packetization needs while maintaining backward compatibility with ATM. In this paper, we discuss the design of the quantum packet method, including its format, the "quantumization" process, and support for different types of user traffic. We also present an analytical model to evaluate the consumption of network resources (or network costs) when quantum packets are employed to transfer loss-sensitive data using three different approaches: cut-through, store-and-forward and ideal. Close form mathematical expressions are obtained for some situations. In particular, in terms of network cost, we discover two interesting equivalence phenomena for the cut-through and store-and-forward approaches under certain conditions and assumptions. Furthermore, analytical and simulation results are presented to study the system behavior. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the. design of the ISDN3/quantum network.
Quantum Packet for the Next Generation Network/ISDN3
Ray Y. W. Lam,Henry C. B,Hui Chen,Tharam S. Dillon,Victor O. K. Li,Victor C. M. Leung 한국통신학회 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.3
This paper proposes a novel method for transporting various types of user traffic effectively over the next generation network called integrated services digital network 3 (ISDN3) (or quantum network) using quantum packets. Basically, a quantum packet comprises one or more 53-byte quanta as generated by a “quantumization” process. While connection-oriented traffic is supported by fixed-size quantum packets each with one quantum to emulate circuit switching, connectionless traffic (e.g., IP packets and active packets) is carried by variable-size quantum packets with multiple quanta to support store-and-forward switching/routing. Our aimis to provide frame-like or datagram-like services while enabling cellbased multiplexing. The quantum packet method also establishes a flexible and extensible framework that caters for future packetization needs whilemaintaining backward compatibility with ATM. In this paper, we discuss the design of the quantum packet method, including its format, the “quantumization” process, and support for different types of user traffic. We also present an analytical model to evaluate the consumption of network resources (or network costs) when quantum packets are employed to transfer losssensitive data using three different approaches: cut-through, storeand- forward and ideal. Close form mathematical expressions are obtained for some situations. In particular, in terms of network cost, we discover two interesting equivalence phenomena for the cut-through and store-and-forward approaches under certain conditions and assumptions. Furthermore, analytical and simulation results are presented to study the system behavior. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the design of the ISDN3/quantum network.