A Study of the Function of Leisure Sport on Popularization Procedure

Jacques Defrance,임재구 한국체육철학회 2009 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Modern sport and modern industrial society has listed some characteristics that modern sport shares with industrial employment and urban society. Discipline, authority, Competition, accomplishment, rational objectives, organization and bureaucracy. That modern participator and spectator sports have strengthened and progressed so in numbers taking part and in area covered is owing to ideological and political empathy between the psychological adaptations necessary for modern social life and ideology implicit in sport. The object, the foundation of the sport is to give rise to the curiosity, desire to go beyond the play. The taste is on the base of the development of the leisures sports. For lack of giving rise to vocations from a sports man in high level, the sport, in its dimension of leisures must relax. This desire to relax and this strong curiosity have been favored by a context very favorable, before and after the second world war, to the institutionalization of the leisures, and by extension, to that of the leisures sports.

A Study of the Defining of Sports and its Standard

Jacques Defrance,임재구 한국체육철학회 2009 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Like other institutions, sport, as it grows, asserts its identity and defines its own limits. The definition of sport slowly emerges. It gets elaborated in the same time that sport differentiates itself from other activities, and that people who do sport start having competitive relationships, to set the criteria of excellence, and manage sports matters. As a result, diverging opinions on the definition of sport appear. What are the stakes of a definition of sport? Sport being such a pragmatic domain, couldn't we do without that formal exercise? To define implies both to include and exclude. Defining sport is a practical issue. Questions appear when, for example, one wants to set limits and categories. What types of associations are a matter of a sports service's competence, or can lay claim to subsidies, etc. That question appears when it deals with organizing physical activities that can give pupils a certain co-operation and competition spirit. At last, a review of the specialized literature shows that no scholarly definition has not clearly stood out yet, and that the limits of sport vary noticeably form one country to the next, so that we do not have a pertinent, internationally-recognised definition at our disposal.

The concept of "field" in the sociology of sports

임재구,Jacques Defrance 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2008 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.32 No.1

The concept of "field" helps us to construct sociological objects, by making us remembering to include relations between sports and relations between groups in the scope of our inquiries. A set of works questions the relations stricken up between similar sports. It is a good approach to study competition between several sports who aim to catch people looking for a sporting practice(or to catch audiences on TV), but it is also the right frame to analyse symbolic opposition between similar disciplines. The number of forms of sporting practices grew rapidly, the definition of sport became looser, more inclusive, gathering many forms of physical activity. At the opposite of the process of democratization that aimed at the formation of larger and larger sporting groups, the split into different ways of practicing brought to form a multiplicity of small groups. It became a space where people distanced themselves from the others and found new means for distinction. With these points, we can understand why sociology of sports abandoned the analytical frame of the sociology of leisure proposed by Joffre Dumazedier(1962). Dumazedier saw leisure as a mean to implement three functions: relaxation, entertainment and individual development, which are, in fact, very individual functions. He saw the people who enter into the leisure world as a unified mass of individuals looking for the same achievements. The notion of "symbolic struggle" came to break this view of an ideal world of leisure.

The concept of field in the sociology of sports

Jae Goo Lim,Jacques Defrance 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2008 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.32 No.1

The concept of field helps us to construct sociological objects, by making us remembering to include relations between sports and relations between groups in the scope of our inquiries. A set of works questions the relations stricken up between similar sports. It is a good approach to study competition between several sports who aim to catch people looking for a sporting practice(or to catch audiences on TV), but it is also the right frame to analyse symbolic opposition between similar disciplines. The number of forms of sporting practices grew rapidly, the definition of sport became looser, more inclusive, gathering many forms of physical activity. At the opposite of the process of democratization that aimed at the formation of larger and larger sporting groups, the split into different ways of practicing brought to form a multiplicity of small groups. It became a space where people distanced themselves from the others and found new means for distinction. With these points, we can understand why sociology of sports abandoned the analytical frame of the sociology of leisure proposed by Joffre Dumazedier(1962). Dumazedier saw leisure as a mean to implement three functions: relaxation, entertainment and individual development, which are, in fact, very individual functions. He saw the people who enter into the leisure world as a unified mass of individuals looking for the same achievements. The notion of symbolic struggle came to break this view of an ideal world of leisure.

Medicine and the field of sport in France: Controlling processes and autonomisation of sporting behaviours

임재구(Jae Goo Lim),Jacques Defrance 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2007 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.31 No.3

The daily life in the field of sport in France is now overrun by doping affairs. It questions very dramatically the belief that there is a bond between health and sport. There are now hundreds of sportsmen using doping substances in their sporting practice, dozens of physicians who give advice to them, and no perspective to stop the process of doping. It doesn`t mean that medicine has less to say in 1990 about fatigue, over-training or doping than hundred years ago. Many factors have been improved: scientific knowledge, information of the sportsman, codification of competitions and techniques of doping control. Doping affairs belong to a set of permanent practices in the present sporting life. So, it needs a sociological understanding. The way in which the doping question is raised, in which gossips or public debates develop, and in which anti-doping policies are built, can be related to the structures of the sporting field and to some characteristics of health policies. Doping was one of the practices that revealed the contradiction between the competitive orientations of top-level sport, which wants victory at any price, and health, and the analysis of the doping question can reveal how the relationships between sport and medicine changed since the early 20th century.

The Fabric of sporting taste: Scholastic model and Leisure model of sporting practice in France

임재구(Jae Goo Lim),Jacques Defrance 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2007 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Pursuing Happiness through Sport and Leisure: this message has been clearly conveyed by the School and the Leisure organizations since half a century. During the rapid economic growth period of the 1960s in Europe, and as public Welfare policies were developed. See the case studies for six European countries in: Heinemann K.(ed.), Sport and Welfare Policies. Six European Case Studies, Schorndorf Hofmann, 2005, these institutions worked to form sporting tastes and, then, to bring the material conditions to satisfy them. Sport and leisure industries, as they reduced production costs and prices offered to sports people, brought their contribution to this positive dynamic. How training and taste making for sport are organised in a national sporting system like the French system? To answer this question, it is necessary to carry out comparative analyses. The aim would be to sketch out a parallel between South Korea, European States and the USA. To develop comparative analyses, we need a frame of analysis (or theoretical model) and an analytic method allowing a comparison: and we need national case studies lending themselves to comparisons. The clearer the theoretical frame is, the more case analysis can be replicated with other national cases, and the more the expected comparison makes progress. We shall carry out a case study, accompanied with a sketch of a field model, which prepares other case studies and a future comparison.

Trap states analysis in AlGaN/AlN/GaN and InAlN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

S. Latrach,E. Frayssinet,N. Defrance,S. Chenot,Y. Cordier,C. Gaquiere,H. Maaref 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.12

The paper deals with trap effects in InAlN/AlN/GaN and AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures using frequency dependent conductance and High-Low frequency capacitance analysis. We performed a comparative study on electrical characteristics of electron devices. Capacitance-voltage characteristics revealed hysteresis with a voltage shift that was attributed to the accumulation of charges at the InAlN/AlN and AlGaN/AlN heterointerfaces. Using a simple extraction method, a rather low density of trapped charges is evaluated. On the other hand, bias and frequency dependent measurements are carried out in the vicinity of threshold voltage to determine the interface trap density Dit, trap time constant tit and trap state energy position ET. It is found that device with InAlN barrier exhibits high trap state densities in the range of 1012 -1014 cm2eV1, approximately one order of magnitude larger than with AlGaN barrier.