Pipeline Politics between Europe and Russia: A Historical Review from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War

CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP,이재승 한국국제정치학회 2016 The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.14 No.1

This paper conducts a historical survey of bilateral energy transactions during the Cold War and the early years of the post-Cold War period to uncover the origins of today’s pipeline politics between Europe and Russia. Gas pipelines from Russia to Europe are doubly perceived as a symbol of Russia’s status as an energy superpower and Europe’s dependence on Russian supply. Fears of a Soviet/Russian ‘energy weapon’ date back to the beginning of East-West energy transactions, but the concept always has been of limited utility. A historical analysis of East-West energy transactions reveals that Russia’s energy weapon is a complicated and multifaceted phenomenon. Cold War pipeline projects were institutions reflecting the aligned economic interests of Soviet and European policymakers, as well as their shared norms on how international energy flows should be organized and maintained. The post-Cold War period was marked by continuity as well as divergence. Western technology and capital remained a crucial factor in sustaining and expanding Russian energy infrastructure, but the new geopolitical landscape unleashed deeprooted issues of pricing, transit, and ownership among former CMEA countries. Attempts to reprogram pipeline governance on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty have not been successful. Pipeline politics will continue to be tumultuous but are expected to remain bounded by historically-rooted interdependencies. Both sides can profit from their ongoing relationship, even though they respectively complain about a lack of energy security or demand security. Furthermore, the mutual dependencies conferred by their historical energy relationship would restrict the maneuverability both sides have when it comes to choosing more extreme measures.

Succoring Strangers: Clashing Castaway Humanitarianisms in Nineteenth Century East Asia

CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2018 국제관계연구 Vol.23 No.2

Although the safety of castaway sailors was used to publicly justify interventions such as Commodore Perry’s arrival in Tokyo Bay in 1853 or the Japanese invasion of Formosa in 1874, the historiography of this period has searched for alternative explanations, such as commercial expansion or cultural chauvinism. This paper argues that the protection of castaways was more than a pretext for overseas military actions. Shipwrecks were a formidable problem of international relations in the period, demanding the creation of shared norms and mechanisms. In East Asia, European interlopers encountered a pre-existing system dedicated to regulating this problem that clashed with their own. Although both systems protected shipwrecked sailors, they were based on very different assumptions. Westerners made a conscious decision to subvert these indigenous institutions, even while benefiting from them. Ultimately, this struggle over the treatment and repatriation of shipwrecked sailors was a key component of imperialism.

The Long Quest for an International Order with Chinese Characteristics: A Cultural Perspective on Modern China’s Foreign Policies

Chris Connolly,Jörn-Carsten Gottwald 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2013 Pacific Focus Vol.28 No.2

The role of the People’s Republic of China in international relations (IR) is academically contested and politically crucial. While the dominance of (neo-)realist perspectives of China’s rise as a threat to the current order is receding, new approaches in the study of the foreign policies of the People’s Republic of China and their impact on global issues are needed. This paper follows Lebow’s cultural theory of IR by adapting the categories of “appetite” – Lebow’s code for material interests – and “spirit” – nonmaterialistic objectives, such as prestige or international standing – to the study of Chinese foreign policy-making since the Xinhai revolution. The paper argues that China seeks to transform the system not merely as a means of attaining prestige or other liberalist or realist concerns. One of the key defining images of Chinese elites over time has been – and continues to be –one of China as a leading civilization setting global norms and standards. Applying Lebow’s theory to foreign-policy making therefore allows the integration of a normative dimension without immediately entering the dogmatic clashes among IR theorists. By proposing a long-term perspective on China’s engagement with the international system over the past 100 years, we assert that the desire for prestige and honor within the international system is one key determinant in China’s behavior. Clearly, it cannot explain all of China’s foreign policy choices. It highlights, however, how China’s self-esteem has meant that it has constantly sought to remake the rules to take account of China’s own self-image.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights in APEC: Navigating the Shortcuts, Gaps, and Traps

Daniel Connolly 한국APEC학회 2021 Journal of APEC Studies Vol.13 No.1

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an urgent policy issue with profound economic, social, and political consequences for the Asia Pacific region. This paper discusses how the recommendations of APEC Business Advisory Council’s recent report Artificial Intelligence in APEC reflect the three key challenges associated with AI. The first are shortcuts, which arise when technologies appear to be easy solutions to social problems and carry the risk of unintended consequences. The second are gaps in human rights protections because of growing asymmetries of power and new capabilities. The third is the looming possibility of traps, which arise when technical decisions or the logic of technical systems end up subverting our values. This paper agrees with the report’s claim that APEC needs to take a more assertive role in the issue area of AI technologies but additionally argues that AI needs to be adequately understood as an emerging form of governance, with all its attendant advantages and risks, not simply as an instrument of economic growth. Therefore, celebrations of AI’s economic utility in APEC must coincide with careful discussions about the technology’s potential shortcuts, gaps, and traps and the design of regulatory safeguards.

Succoring Strangers: Clashing Castaway Humanitarianisms in Nineteenth Century East Asia

Daniel Connolly(대니얼 커널리) 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2018 국제관계연구 Vol.23 No.2

해난 사고를 당한 표류 선원의 안전이 1853년 페리 제독의 도쿄만 상륙이나 1874년 일본의 타이완 침략의 경우에서 볼 수 있듯이 개입을 공식적으로 정당화하는 이유였으나, 이 시기의 역사 기술은 상업적 팽창이나 문화적 국수주의와 같은 다른 원인을 탐색해 왔다. 본 논문은 표류 선원의 보호가 나라들이 해외군사 행동을 한 표면적 구실 이상이었다고 주장한다. 이 시기에 해난 사고는 국제관계에서 중대한 문제였고, 여기에는 서로 공유하는 규범과 해결 방법이 필요했다. 동아시아에서 유럽의 침입자들은 이 문제를 규율하는 지역의 기존체계와 맞닥뜨려야 했고, 이는 자신들의 체계와 충돌되었다. 두 체계 모두 표류선원을 보호하는 것이었지만 두 가지는 서로 다른 전제에 기반했다. 서구인들은 이 지역 고유의 제도에서도 표류 선원의 보호를 얻었지만 이를 뒤엎고자 하는 의도적인 결정을 내렸다. 결국, 표류 선원에 대한 처우와 본국 송환에 관한 이러한 대립은 제국주의의 핵심 요소였다. Although the safety of castaway sailors was used to publicly justify interventions such as Commodore Perry’s arrival in Tokyo Bay in 1853 or the Japanese invasion of Formosa in 1874, the historiography of this period has searched for alternative explanations, such as commercial expansion or cultural chauvinism. This paper argues that the protection of castaways was more than a pretext for overseas military actions. Shipwrecks were a formidable problem of international relations in the period, demanding the creation of shared norms and mechanisms. In East Asia, European interlopers encountered a pre-existing system dedicated to regulating this problem that clashed with their own. Although both systems protected shipwrecked sailors, they were based on very different assumptions. Westerners made a conscious decision to subvert these indigenous institutions, even while benefiting from them. Ultimately, this struggle over the treatment and repatriation of shipwrecked sailors was a key component of imperialism.

Pope Francis’ Relevance and Challenge to the Church in Australia

Noel Connolly(노엘 코널리) 신학과사상학회 2018 가톨릭 신학과 사상 Vol.- No.81

Introduction Ⅰ. Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse Ⅱ. Plenary Council 2020 Ⅲ. Ending Clericalism Ⅳ. The Poor Have Much to Teach Us Ⅴ. Transformation More than Reformation Conclusion 프란치스코 교황은 호주 교회를 방문하거나, 호주 교회에 대해 직접적으로 언급한 적이 없다. 그러나 공동합의적(synodal)이 고 봉사하는 교회라는 교황의 비전은 “호주 교회 역사상 가장 커다란 위기”에 봉착한 우리의 생존에 있어 결정적인 요소일지도 모른다. 이러한 위기는 아동성범죄 조사위원회(Royal Commission into Institutional Responses into Child Sexual Abuse)의 발족이 계기가 되기도 했지만, 교회가 세속 사회와 미사 참석자의 대규모 감소, 교회의 직무와 운영에 있어 평신도, 특히 여성들을 참여시키는 데 실패한 문제 등에 좀 더 효과적으로 대처하려 했던 고군분투의 결과이기도 하다. 이에 대한 응답으로서 주교들은 2020년에 전국 공의회(Plenary Council)를 열기로 했다. 본고는 성범죄 위기에 의해 요구되는 변화들과, 2020년 전국 공의회의 중요성 및 공동합의적 교회로의 성장의 중요성, 성직자주의에 대한 과제와 교회의 직무와 운영(통치)에 있어서 평신도들, 특히 여성들이 깊숙이 참여해야 함의 필요성, 가난한 이들로부터 배워야 할 필요성 과, 마지막으로 단순한 개혁이 아닌 전적인 변화의 필요성에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 프란치스코 교황은 자신의 실천과 설교를 통해 기쁨과 활기가 넘치는 공동합의적 교회를 만들기 위한 신학적 토대와 영감, 그리고 본보기를 제시한다.

미국의 규제시스템을 통한 습지와 기타 수계보전

Diana Connolly Kim 한국환경법학회 2008 環境法 硏究 Vol.30 No.3

The Rise of the Chinese Navy: A Tirpitzian Perspective of Sea Power and International Relations

Daniel Connolly 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2017 Pacific Focus Vol.32 No.2

Western commentators often view the emergence of a modernizing Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) through the theoretical lens of Alfred Thayer Mahan, an influential 19th century American naval theorist who advocated an imperialistic brand of sea power modeled on the British example. This approach, however, risks painting a misleading picture of China’s naval ambitions because it is based on a hegemonic theory of naval power that most regional powers cannot realistically follow. Instead, this article turns to the writings of Alfred von Tirpitz, the architect of the shortlived German battle fleet that unsuccessfully challenged British naval dominance during World War I. Applying his ideas about naval power and hegemony to East Asia’s strategic context is a useful heuristic device for revealing key logics behind three facets of US–Chinese naval rivalry: (i) China’s anxieties over access to markets; (ii) the importance of alliance value; and (iii) the fiscal, operational, and technological dynamics that shape naval arms races between a hegemon and its weaker regional contender. In all three cases, the application of non-hegemonic naval theory raises important questions about the sustainability and justice of current US naval strategy in the Western Pacific while simultaneously laying bare the major pitfalls of China’s current trajectory.

Estimating the Fiscal Costs of Osteoporosis in Korea Applying a Public Economic Perspective

Mark P. Connolly,Saswat Panda,김하영 대한골대사학회 2019 대한골대사학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Background: Osteoporosis and attributable fractures are disruptive health events that can cause short and long-term cost consequences for families, health service and government. In this fracture-based scenario analysis we evaluate the broader public economic consequences for the Korean government based on fractures that can occur at 3 different ages. Methods: We developed a public economic modelling framework based on population averages in Korea for earnings, direct taxes, indirect taxes, disability payments, retirement, pension payments, and osteoporosis health costs. Applying a scenario analysis, we estimated the cumulative average per person fiscal consequences of osteoporotic fractures occurring at different ages 55, 65, and 75 compared to average non-fracture individuals of comparable ages to estimate resulting costs for government in relation to lost tax revenue, disability payments, pension costs, and healthcare costs. All costs are calculated between the ages of 50 to 80 in Korean Won (KRW) and discounted at 0.5%. Results: From the scenarios explored, fractures occurring at age 55 are most costly for government with increased disability and pension payments of KRW 26,048,400 and KRW 41,094,206 per person, respectively, compared to the non-fracture population. A fracture can result in reduction in lifetime direct and indirect taxes resulting in KRW 53,648,886 lost tax revenue per person for government compared to general population. Conclusions: The fiscal consequences of osteoporotic fractures for government vary depending on the age at which they occur. Fiscal benefits for government are greater when fractures are prevented early due to the potential to prevent early retirement and keeping people in the labor force to the degree that is observed in non-fracture population.

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Whole Grain Wheat Flakes and the Effect of Toasting on Prebiotic Potential

Michael L. Connolly,Julie A. Lovegrove,Kieran M. Tuohy 한국식품영양과학회 2012 Journal of medicinal food Vol.15 No.1

Population studies have shown a positive correlation between diets rich in whole grains and a reduced risk of developing metabolic diseases, like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. However, little is known about the mechanisms of action, particularly the impact different fermentable components of whole grains have on the human intestinal microbiota. The modulation of microbial populations by whole grain wheat flakes and the effects of toasting on digestion and subsequent fermentation profile were evaluated. Raw, partially toasted, and toasted wheat flakes were digested using simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and then fermented using 24-hour, pH-controlled, anaerobic batch cultures inoculated with human feces. Major bacterial groups and production of short-chain fatty acids were compared with those for the prebiotic oligofructose and weakly fermented cellulose. Within treatments, a significant increase (P < .05) in bifidobacteria numbers was observed upon fermentation of all test carbohydrates, with the exception of cellulose. Toasting appeared to have an effect on growth of lactobacilli as only fermentation of raw wheat flakes resulted in a significant increase in levels of this group.