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Changes in distribution and morphology of Tamarix ramosissima nebkhas in an oasis-desert ecotone
Chaofan Li,Fan Yang,Xinqian Zheng,Zhangyong Han,Honglin Pan,Chenglong Zhou,Chunrong Ji 한국지질과학협의회 2021 Geosciences Journal Vol.25 No.5
In the oasis-desert ecotone, nebkhas are of great importance for blocking the intrusion of shifting sand and maintaining the ecological security of oases. The morphological characteristics of nebkhas have been widely researched. However, their spatial distribution and morphological variation with the environment remain unclear. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the spatial distribution pattern, morphological changes, and potential indicative significance of Tamarix ramosissima nebkhas (that is, nebkhas formed around T. ramosissima) in a typical oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China. Our results showed that the intensity of aeolian activities increased from the inside to the outside of the ecotone, and only T. ramosissima shrubs with high tolerance to aeolian activities could survive. Moreover, from the inside to the outside of the ecotone, the density of the T. ramosissima nebkhas decreased, their size increased, and spatial distribution shifted from aggregation to random. The T. ramosissima shrub can trap aeolian transport and protect nebkhas, leading to sand accumulation in the space between, and leeward edges of, the shrubs. Wind erosion mainly occurs to the windward side and along the sides of the nebkhas. Further, the protective effect of the shrub gradually increased with its growth in a year, resulting in the gradually changed of nebkha surface from wind erosion to sand accumulation, and the nebkha volume showed a fluctuating state of first decreasing and then increasing. This indicates that wind erosion and sand accumulation on the nebkha surface were closely related to the growth cycle of the shrub. In addition, nebkhas exhibited a spatial pattern of growth, inside of the ecotone, to degradation, outside of the ecotone. These results indicate that we should focus on the outside of the ecotone to ensure the ecological stability of oases.
KeXin Li,DaWei Chen,XiuLi Zhao,HaiYang Hu,ChunRong Yang,DaHai Pang 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.11
We prepared and optimized Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI)-modified Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-encapsulating liposomes (UEAI-LIP) as oral vaccine carriers and examined the feasibility of inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses by oral administration of UEAILIP. The prepared systems were characterized in vitro for their average size, zeta potential,encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and conjugation efficiency (CE%). In vitro release studies indicated that the presence of UEAI around the optimized liposomes was able to prevent a burst release of loaded BSA and provide sustained release of the encapsulated protein. In vivo immune-stimulating results in KM mice showed that BSA given intramuscularly generated systemic response only but both systemic and mucosal immune responses could be induced simultaneously in the groups in which BSA-loaded liposomes (LIP) and UEAI-LIP were administered intragastrically. Furthermore, the modification of UEAI on the surface of liposomes could further enhance the IgA and IgG levels obviously. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the high potential of lectin-modified liposomes containing the antigen as carriers for oral vaccine.